Long after the Renaissance, the practice of medicine was still under the influence of magic. Whatever things were rare and precious were held to be good against disease--gold, amber, coral, pearls, and the dust of mummies; whatever took strange forms of life--toads, earthworms, and the like; whatever looked like the disease, after the doctrine of signatures--pulmonaria for the lungs, because the spots on its leaves were like tubercle, a kidney-shaped fruit for the kidneys, a heart-shaped fruit for the heart, and yellow carrots for the yellow jaundice. Among the drugs in the 1618 Pharmacopoeia are _cranium humanum_, _mandibula lucii_, _nidus hirundinum_, _sericum crudum_, _linum vivum_, and _pilus salamandræ_. In the Pharmacopoeia of 1667 are _exuviæ serpentis_, _telæ aranearum_, _saliva jejuni_, _cranium hominis violentâ morte extincti_, and worse obscenities. Soon after the publication of this Pharmacopoeia, on 14th February 1685, King Charles II. died; and in the Library of the Society of Antiquaries there is a manuscript account in Latin, by Dr. Scarbrugh, how the case was treated. The King had sixteen physicians, and nine consultations in five days; and to say "everything was done that was possible" gives no idea of the vigour of the treatment. Finally, the day he died, they gave him, eleven of them in consultation--_totus medicorum chorus ab omni spe destitutus_--they gave him, as _more generous cardiacs_, the _lapis Goæ_, and the _Bezoar-stone_. The _lapis Goæ_ was a dust of topaz, jacinth, sapphire, ruby, pearl, emerald, bezoar, coral, musk, ambergris, and gold, all made into a pill and polished; and the _bezoar_ is a calculus found in the intestines of herbivorous animals. Half a century later, the Pharmacopoeia of 1721 still included ants' eggs, teeth, _lapis nephriticus_, and other horrors; and in the Pharmacopoeia of 1746, though the dust of Egyptian mummies was ruled out, vipers and wood-lice were retained.