Protomesal: applied to certain areolets in Hymenoptera, situated between costal cells and apical margin. Prototergite: the foremost dorsal segment of abdomen. Preto-thorax: = prothorax: q.v. Prototype: a primitive form to which later forms can be traced. Protractor: that which extends or lengthens out: applied to muscles. Protuberance: any elevation above the surface. Protuberant: rising or produced above the surface or general level. Proventriculus: the posterior portion of crop: the gizzard. Proximad: toward the proximal end. Proximal: that part of an appendage nearest the body: see distal. Prozona: in Orthoptera, the upper or dorsal surface of prothorax in front of the principal sulcus. Pruinose: hoary: as if covered with a fine frost or dust. Pruinous -us: deep blue with a reddish tinge, like a plum [French blue + purple lake]. Psammophilous: living in sandy places. Pselaphotheca: that part of the pupa which covers the palpi. Pseudidolum: = nymph: q.v. Pseudimago: = sub-imago; q.v. Pseud- or Pseudo-: as a prefix means false, spurious, or merely resembling. Pseudo-cellula: = accessory cell: q.v. Pseudo-chrysalis: the semi-pupa. Pseudo-coel: a false hollow; a hollow which does not form a tube. Pseudo-cone: a soft, gelatinous cone in the compound eye of some Insects, replacing the crystalline cone of others. Pseudo-elytra: the aborted anterior wings of Strepsiptera. Pseudogyna fundatrix: in Aphids, is the immediate issue of a fecundated egg: a stem-mother. Pseudogyna gemmans: in Aphids. are wingless descendants of the stem-mother (fundatrix) or of the winged migrants (migrans) which reproduce asexually through a number of generations. Pseudogyna migrans: in Aphids, the winged descendants of the stem-mother (fundatrix) through which the species is spread. Pseudogyna pupifera: in Aphids, the last generation of p. gemmans, which produces the true sexes. Pseudogyna: a female that reproduces without impregnation. Pseudo-halteres: the rudimentary primaries of Stylops. Pseudo-neurium: a false vein formed by a chitinous thickening of a wing fold. Pseudo-neuroptera: those net-winged insects with incomplete metamorphosis: includes the present Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Isoptera and Corrodentia: = Archiptera. Pseudonychium -ia: = paronychia; q.v. Pseudo-nymph: = semipupa; q.v. Pseudopodia: = parapodia; q.v. Pseudoptera: an ordinal name for the scale insects (Amyot 1847) Pseudo-pupa: the inactive larval stage preceding the formation of the true pupa in some insccts; e.g. Meloidae: = semi-pupa; q.v. Pseudo-pupillae: in Odonata, the black spots seen on the compound eyes of the living insects. Pseudosessile: those petiolate Hymenoptera, in which the abdomen is so close to the thorax as to seem sessile. Pseudo-trachea: the ringed and ridged grooves on the labella of Diptera, by means of which they scrape their food.