History constantly illustrates how when Christians were undisturbed and prosperous the wine of truth settled on the lees and came to taste of the cask; and--to change the figure--how affliction and persecution proved most effectual tonics for a debilitated Church. Continental critics of modern England speak severely of the ill-effects which our prolonged freedom from invasion and civil war, and the unbroken continuity of our social life have had on our national character and manners. In their eyes England is a perfect Moab, concerning which they are ever ready to prophesy after the manner of Jeremiah. The Hebrew Chronicler blamed Josiah because he would not listen to the advice and criticism of Pharaoh Necho. There may be warnings which we should do well to heed, even in the acrimony of foreign journalists. But any such suggestion raises wider and more difficult issues; for ordinary individuals and nations the discipline of calamity seems necessary. What degree of moral development exempts from such discipline, and how may it be attained? Christians cannot seek to compound for such discipline by self-inflicted loss or pain, like Polycrates casting away his ring or Browning's Caliban, who in his hour of terror, "Lo! 'Lieth flat and loveth Setebos! 'Maketh his teeth meet through his upper lip, Will let those quails fly, will not eat this month One little mess of whelks, so he may 'scape." But though it is easy to counsel resignation and the recognition of a wise loving Providence in national as in personal suffering, yet mankind longs for an end to the period of pupilage and chastisement and would fain know how it may be hastened. FOOTNOTES: [214] _E.g._ xlviii. 5, "For by the ascent of Luhith with continual weeping shall they go up; for in going down of Horonaim they have heard the distress of the cry of destruction," is almost identical with Isa. xv. 5. Cf. also xlviii. 29-34 with Isa. xv. 4, xvi. 6-11. [215] Verse 47 with the subscription, "Thus far is the judgment of Moab," is wanting in the LXX. [216] The exact date of the prophecy is uncertain, but it must have been written during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar. [217] Ezek. xxv. 9. [218] Some of the names, however, may be variants. [219] Josh. xiii. 15-28 (possibly on JE. basis). [220] xlix. 13, possibly this is not the Edomite Bozrah. [221] Deut. xxxii. 15. [222] Isa. xvi. 6. [223] ii. 10. [224] Kautzsch, Giesebrecht, with LXX.; A.V., R.V., with Hebrew Text, "their bottles." [225] Isa. xlviii. 10. CHAPTER XX _AMMON_ xlix. 1-6. "Hath Israel no sons? hath he no heir? why then doth Moloch possess Gad, and his people dwell in the cities thereof?"--JER. xlix. 1