[156] As to doctrine. There are three "grand circles" or "families of images" whereby Scripture approaches from different quarters, or surveys from different sides, the benefits of our Lord's meritorious death. These are represented by, are summed up in, three words--απολυτρωσις, καταλλαγη, ιλασμος. The last is found in the text and in iv. 10; nowhere else precisely in that form in the New Testament. "Ιλασμος (expiation or propitiation) and απολυτρωσις (redemption) is fundamentally one single benefit, _i.e._, the restitution of the lost sinner. Απολυτρωσις is in respect of _enemies_; καταλλαγη in respect of _God_. And here again the words ἱλασμ. and καταλλ. differ. _Propitiation_ takes away offences as against _God_. _Reconciliation_ has two sides. It takes away (_a_) God's _indignation_ against _us_, 2 Cor. v. 18, 19; (_b_) _our alienation_ from _God_, 2 Cor. v. 20." (Bengel on Rom. iii. 24. Whoever would rightly understand all that we can know on these great words must study _New Testament Synonyms, Archbp. Trench_, pp. 276-82.) DISCOURSE IV. _MISSIONARY APPLICATION OF THE EXTENT OF THE ATONEMENT._ "For the whole world."--1 JOHN ii. 2. Let us now consider the universal and ineradicable wants of man. Such a consideration is substantially unaffected by speculation as to the theory of man's origin. Whether the first men are to be looked for by the banks of some icy river feebly shaping their arrowheads of flint, or in godlike and glorious progenitors beside the streams of Eden; whether our ancestors were the result of an inconceivably ancient evolution, or called into existence by a creative act, or sprung from some lower creature elevated in the fulness of time by a majestic inspiration,--at least, as a matter of fact, man has other and deeper wants than those of the back and stomach. Man as he is has five spiritual instincts. _How_ they came to be there, let it be repeated, is not the question. It is the fact of their existence, not the mode of their _genesis_, with which we are now concerned.