[74] Explained in the first essay in this volume. [75] See page 57-61. [76] “Principles of Political Economy,” chap. xxiv, p. 202. [77] “Theory of Political Economy.” By W. Stanley Jevons (London: Macmillan & Co.). See also “The Alphabet of Economic Science.” Part by Philip H. Wicksteed. (Same publishers.) [78] See pp. 7-9 _ante_. [79] The general impression that the old Poor Law had become an indefensible nuisance is a correct one. All attempts to mitigate Individualism by philanthropy instead of replacing it by Socialism are foredoomed to confusion. [80] See Final Report of Royal Commission on Trade Unions, 1869. Vol. i, p. xvii, sec. 46. [81] See Mr. Robert Giffen’s address on “The Recent Rate of Material Progress in England.” Proceedings of the British Association at Manchester in 1887, page 806. [82] See Mr. Robert Giffen on Import and Export Statistics, “Essays on Finance,” Second Series, p. 194. (London: G. Bell & Sons. 1886.) [83] This same Government, beginning to realise what it has unintentionally done for Social Democracy, is already (1889) doing what it can to render the new County Councils socialistically impotent by urgently reminding them of the restrictions which hamper their action. [84] The authority for this figure will be found in Fabian Tract, No. 5, “Facts for Socialists.” [85] Mr. R. Giffen, “Essays in Finance,” Second Series, p. 393. [86] Proceedings of the Pan-Anglican Synod: Lambeth, 1888. Report of Committee on Socialism. [87] Finally, the Commissioner was superseded; and Mr. Burns was elected a member of the first London County Council by a large majority. [88] It is due to the leaders of the Co-operative movement to say here that they are no parties to the substitution of dividend-hunting by petty capitalists for the pursuit of the ideal of Robert Owen, the Socialist founder of Co-operation; and that they are fully aware that Co-operation must be a political as well as a commercial movement if it is to achieve a final solution of the labor question. [89] Ample material for a study of West End mob panic may be found in the London newspapers of February, 1886, and November, 1887. [90] Lord Bramwell, President of the Economic Section of the British Association in 1888. [91] See note, p. 171. [92] The meaning of these terms will be familiar to readers of the first essay. [93] See note, p. 16. [94] That is, the manager would receive less for his work than the artisan. Cases in which the profits of the employer are smaller than the wages of the employee are by no means uncommon in certain grades of industry where small traders have occasion to employ skilled workmen.