[16] “Principles of Political Economy,” last edition, 1865, p. 477 (quoting from Feugueray.) [17] Referred to in a celebrated passage by Adam Smith, “Wealth of Nations,” book 1, chap. viii. [18] Not to mention the restrictions imposed by the law of “Settlement” (13 and 14 Charles II., chap. 12), which enabled two justices summarily to send back to his village any migrating laborer. [19] This was noticed by Malthus, “Principles of Political Economy,” p. 225; see also Prof. Thorold Rogers, “History of Agriculture and Prices,” and “Six Centuries of Work and Wages.” [20] Further detail will be found in the following essay. See also Arnold Toynbee’s “Industrial Revolution.” [21] Between 1801-1845 the population of Manchester grew 109 per cent, Glasgow 108 per cent, Liverpool 100 per cent, and Leeds 99 per cent (Report of Commissioners on State of Health of Large Towns, 1843-45). [22] W. J. Lecky, “History of the Eighteenth Century,” vol. v, p. 453. [23] The number of registered electors at the date of the last Election (1886) was 5,707,823, out of an adult male population of over nine millions. [24] Few, however, of Mr. Spencer’s followers appear to realize that he presupposes Land Nationalization as the necessary condition of an Individualist community (see “Social Statics,” _passim_). [25] It is sometimes asserted nowadays that the current descriptions of factory life under the _régime_ of freedom of contract are much exaggerated. This is not the case. The horrors revealed in the reports of official enquiries even exceed those commonly quoted. For a full account of the legislation, and the facts on which it was founded, see Von Plener’s “English Factory Legislation.” The chief official reports are those of the House of Commons Committee of 1815-6, House of Lords Committee, 1819, and Royal Commission, 1840. Marx (“Capital”) gives many other references. See also F. Engels’ “Condition of the English Working Classes.” [26] Prof. H. S. Foxwell (University College, London, p. 249 of Essay on the “Claims of Labor” (Edinburgh: Co-operative Printing Company, 1886).) [27] This statement, though generally true of England, is not absolutely so. It needed an Act of Parliament in 1758 (32 George II, c. 61) to free the inhabitants of the “village” of Manchester from the obligation to grind all their corn and grain at the manorial watermills (Clifford’s “History of Private Bill Legislation,” vol. ii, p. 478). Even so late as 1809 they had to obtain the consent of Sir Oswald Mosley, the lord of the manor, before a company could be incorporated to provide a water supply (_Ibid._, p. 480). Leeds was theoretically compelled to grind its corn, grain and malt at the lord’s mills down to 1839, and actually had then to pay £13,000 to extinguish this feudal “due” (_Ibid._, p. 498). [28] See its organ, the _Church Reformer_. London; 8 Duke Street, Adelphi.