Familiar Talks on Science: World-Building and Life; Earth, Air and Water.Gray, Elisha
Science
Familiar Talks on Science: World-Building and Life; Earth, Air and Water.
Gray, Elisha
Science
does in the science of electricity: both of them are misnomers.
When the ice is all melted potential energy is no longer stored, but is
manifested in the sensible heating of water, the degree of which is
measurable by the thermometer, until it reaches the boiling point, where
it is again arrested. All of the surplus heat above that temperature is
consumed in rending the liquid water into moisture globules that float
away into the air, each one of them charged with a store of potential
energy. Let us follow this vapor spherule as it floats into the upper
regions of the atmosphere. Myriads of its fellows travel with it until
it reaches a point where condensation takes place, when it collapses and
unites with other vapor particles to form water again. In doing this the
heat that was expended upon it to disengage it (whether the heat was
artificial or that of the sun's rays) now reappears either as sensible
heat or as electricity, or both. And this is what is meant in
meteorology by latent heat becoming sensible heat at the time of
condensation; in fact, it is stored or "potential" energy becoming
active or kinetic, and assumes the form of heat or electricity, as
before stated. We have thus reviewed the matter of the foregoing chapter
in order to follow the course of the stored energy from the melting of
the ice to the vapor, and back again to water: to doubly impress the
fact that the energy used was not consumed, but still exists and is
ready for further work.
During the progress of a hailstorm, it has been stated, one of the
factors that is active to produce this phenomenon is the intense
ascensional force that is given to the moisture-laden air, caused by
intense heat at the surface of the earth. This condition forces the
moisture vapor to higher regions of the atmosphere than is the case with
the ordinary thunderstorm. Another factor that is undoubtedly active in
producing hail under these circumstances is that when condensation takes
place in the higher regions, and is therefore more energetic on account
of the intenser cold, the potential energy that is set free by the
moisture spherules takes, in a larger degree, the form of electricity
rather than heat, as is the case under more ordinary circumstances.
While in the end this electrical energy becomes active heat, it does not
for the time being, and thus favors the ready congelation of the
condensed moisture into hailstones. Hailstorms are always attended by
incessant thunder and lightning, and this fact favors the theory
advanced above.
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