In countries where a moderate temperature is maintained throughout the year, the growth of plants and trees goes on without interruption, and the fall of the leaf is hardly noticeable; for the older leaves die and fall one by one, as they become incapable of performing their functions for want of light, and new ones are being continuously formed close to the tips of the twigs. But where the growth is interrupted, either in hot countries during periods of drought, or in temperate countries by the approach of a cold season, the whole of the foliage is shed within a short period, and new leaves as suddenly appear when favourable conditions return. In our own latitudes, as we all know, the defoliation of the trees is caused by the approach of cold weather, which decreases the activity of the roots, so that the leaves become dry and lifeless. It is very commonly supposed that the fall of the leaf is caused by frost; but this is not the case. The leaves are shed during the cool days of autumn, even though the temperature does not fall to freezing point; but it is equally certain that the leaf-fall is accelerated by the frost when it comes, for the little moisture remaining in the leaves is then frozen, rendering the structures so brittle that they are easily snapped by the wind. The real cause of the rupture of the leaf is the formation of what is called the '_separation layer_.' This consists of soft, succulent cells, really in several layers, which are formed across the leaf-stalk, usually at the base, where the bundles of vessels passing from the twig to the leaf are narrower. The walls of these cells are thin, and are easily separated; and as they extend inwards from the surface all round, they break through the old cells, thus weakening the junction. When the growth of the separation layer is complete, it requires very little force to break off the leaf, and the process is aided by the formation of certain organic acids which act on the cell-walls, causing them to dissolve; and when the leaf has finally separated from the twig, it will be found that the scar left is a clean-cut surface, such as would be produced by the incision of a sharp knife. The recognition of the above facts introduces to us a difficulty for which we can find no explanation:--If the leaf-fall is not caused by frost, but by certain structural alterations that take place in the tree itself, how are we to account for the fact that the tree produces the changes which are necessary for its own preservation every year, just at the proper season? Plants and trees do not foresee the coming period of cold weather that necessitates the performance of the functions which they execute, and yet they instinctively prepare for the winter in the manner described above.