Quartz has been largely used to make imitations of other much rarer minerals, sometimes in its crystalline form to imitate the diamond, at other times ground and made into a “paste,” which is colored to imitate other gems. This paste is a mixture of about 4 parts of quartz, 5 parts of red lead and 1 part of potassium carbonate, melted and cooled slowly. It is clear and has a brilliant luster like the diamond. If some coloring matter is put into it it can be used for rubies, sapphires, etc. When there is any reason to think that this is being used, it is easily detected by being so much softer than any of the true gems, and even than true quartz. Quartz will scratch glass readily, but this imitation has only the hardness of very soft glass, or about 5. Varieties of Quartz Rock crystal is the term applied to quartz when it is clear and colorless. Milky quartz is the milky variety, the whiteness being due to imperfections in the crystallization, such as cracks, bubbles, etc. Smoky quartz is the cloudy brown-colored variety, which results from the presence of small quantities of organic matter (hydrocarbons) in the quartz. If the color is so dark as to be almost black it is termed morion. In the above cases the color will disappear if the stone is heated. Pebbles of smoky quartz from Cairngorm, Scotland, have been so widely used as semiprecious stones that they have come to be known as cairngorms. Citrine, or false topaz, is a clear yellow variety, the color again due to the presence of organic matter. It is distinguished from true topaz by the lesser hardness, this having the hardness of 7, while true topaz has a hardness of 8. Amethyst is quartz with a violet color, due to the presence of small quantities of manganese. To be suitable for cutting into gems, the color must be deep or the small pieces will appear almost colorless. It is widely used today as a semiprecious stone in jewelry; and in the fifteenth century it had the traditional virtue of making the wearer sober-minded, whether he had taken too freely of wine, or was over excited by love-passion. Rose quartz gets its pale-red color from the presence of a small amount of titanium. It is widely distributed, but is more abundant in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Aventurine is quartz which has inclosed tiny scales of mica or hematite giving it a spangled appearance. Prase is a green quartz, the color being due to the inclusion of fibrous crystals of green actinolite. Cat’s Eye is a quartz which has inclosed silky fibers of asbestos. When this is cut parallel to the fibers, the effect is opalescent. The colors are greenish, yellowish-gray, and brown. This form, however, is not to be confused with the true or Oriental Cat’s Eye, which is chrysoberyl and has the hardness of 8. Chalcedony SiO₂