If red or blue in excess be added to brown, it falls into the other semi-neutral classes, marrone or gray. The wide acceptation of the term brown has occasioned much confusion in the naming of colours, since broken colours in which red, &c. predominate, have been improperly called brown. That term, therefore, should be confined to the semi-neutral colours, compounded of, or like in hue to, either the primary _yellow_, the secondary orange, or the tertiary _citrine_, with a _black_. The general contrast or harmonizing colour of such compounds will consequently be more or less purple or blue. The number of browns is great, as may be seen by the following list. This list, however, is good, and includes a considerable proportion of permanent pigments. 241. ASPHALTUM, _Asphalt_, _Bitumen_, _Mineral Pitch_, _Jew's Pitch_, _Antwerp Brown_, _Liquid Asphaltum_, &c., is a sort of mineral pitch or tar which, rising liquid to the surface of the Lacus Asphaltites or Asphaltic Lake (the Dead Sea) concretes there by the natural action of the atmosphere and sun, and, floating in masses to the shores, is gathered by the Arabs. The French give it an additional name from the region of the lake, to wit, Bitumen of Judea; and with the English, from the same cause, it has the alias of Jew's pitch. Asphaltum is not so called, however, after the lake, as is asserted by a writer in the Encyclopædia: it is just the reverse--Pliny says, "The Asphaltic lake produces nothing but bitumen (in Greek, asphaltos); and hence its name."