Shall I speak of the factories dealing with wood, furniture, brushes, and so on? True, there are in these branches two large factories employing nearly 2,000 persons; but there are also 214,260 independent artisans and 105,400 small factories and workshops employing less than ten persons each. Needless to say that jewelry, the cutting of precious stones, and stone-cutting for masonry belong entirely to the small industry, no more than ten to twenty works employing more than 100 persons each. Only in ceramics and in brick-making do we find by the side of the very small works (8,930 establishments), and the small ones (1,277 establishments employing from ten to fifty workpeople), 334 middle-sized works (fifty to 200 workpeople), ninety-three of the great industry (201 to 1,000), and seven of the very great (more than 1,000 workpeople).[213] X.--THE SMALL INDUSTRIES IN GERMANY. The literature of the small industries in Germany being very bulky, the chief works upon this subject may be found, either in full or reviewed, in Schmoller’s _Jahrbücher_, and in Conrad’s _Sammlung national-ökonomischer und statistischer Abhandlungen_. For a general review of the subject and rich bibliographical indications, Schönberg’s _Volkwirthschaftslehre_, vol. ii., which contains excellent remarks about the proper domain of small industries (p. 401 _seq._), as well as the above-mentioned publication of K. Bücher (_Untersuchungen über die Lage des Handwerks in Deutschland_), will be found most valuable. The work of O. Schwarz, _Die Betriebsformen der modernen Grossindustrie_ (in _Zeitschrift für Staatswissenschaft_, vol. xxv., p. 535), is interesting by its analysis of the respective advantages of both the great and the small industries, which brings the author to formulate the following three factors in favour of the former: (1) economy in the cost of motive power; (2) division of labour and its harmonic organisation; and (3) the advantages offered for the sale of the produce. Of these three factors, the first is more and more eliminated every year by the progress achieved in the transmission of power; the second exists in small industries as well, and to the same extent, as in the great ones (watchmakers, toy-makers, and so on); so that only the third remains in full force; but this factor, as already mentioned in the text of this book, is a _social_ factor which entirely depends upon the degree of development of the spirit of association amongst the producers.