To show _the different steps in classifying_ an animal, we will take an example,--the cow. Even little children learn to recognize a cow, although individual cows differ somewhat in form, size, color, etc. The varieties of cows, such as short-horn, Jersey, etc., all form one _species_ of animals, having the scientific name _taurus_. Let us include in a larger group the animals closest akin to a cow. We see a cat, a bison, and a dog; rejecting the cat and the dog, we see that the bison has horns, hoofs, and other similarities. We include it with the cow in a _genus_ called _Bos_, calling the cow Bos taurus, and the bison, Bos bison. The sacred cow of India (Bos indicus) is so like the cow and buffalo as also to belong in the genus Bos. Why is not the camel, which, like Bos bison, has a hump, placed in the genus Bos? (Fig. 390.) The Old World buffaloes,--most abundant in Africa and India,--the antelopes, sheep, goats, and several other genera are placed with the genus Bos in a _family_ called the _hollow horns_. This family, because of its even number of toes and the habit of chewing the cud, resembles the camel family, the deer family, and several other families. These are all placed together in the next higher systematic unit called an _order_, in this case, the order of _ruminants_. The ruminants, because they are covered with hair and nourish the young with milk, are in every essential respect related to the one-toed horses, the beasts of prey, the apes, etc. Hence they are all placed in a more inclusive division of animals, the _class_ called _mammals_. All mammals have the skeleton, or support of the body, on the inside, the axis of which is called the vertebral column. This feature also belongs to the classes of reptiles, amphibians, and fishes. It is therefore consistent to unite these classes by a general idea or conception into a great _branch_ of animals called the _vertebrates_. Returning from the general to the particular by successive steps, state the branch, class, order, family, genus, and species to which the cow belongs. =The Eight Branches or Sub-kingdoms.=--The simplest classification divides the whole animal kingdom into eight branches, named and characterized as follows, beginning with the lowest: I. PROTOZOANS. One-celled. II. SPONGES. Many openings. III. POLYPS. Circular; cup-like; having only one opening which is both mouth and vent. IV. ECHINODERMS. Circular; rough-skinned; two openings. V. MOLLUSKS. No skeleton; usually with external shell. VI. VERMES. Elongate body, no jointed legs. VII. ARTHROPODS. External jointed skeleton; jointed legs. VIII. VERTEBRATES. Internal jointed skeleton with axis or backbone. CHAPTER II PROTOZOA (One-celled Animals) THE AMEBA