[Illustration: FIG. 168.--BUDDING. The “bud”; the opening to receive it; the bud tied.] SUGGESTIONS.--=128.= Name the plants that the gardener propagates by means of cuttings. =129.= By means of grafts. =130.= The cutting-box may be set in the window. If the box does not receive direct sunlight, it may be covered with a pane of glass to prevent evaporation. Take care that the air is not kept too close, else the damping-off fungi may attack the cuttings, and they will rot at the surface of the ground. See that the pane is raised a little at one end to afford ventilation; and if the water collects in drops on the under side of the glass, remove the pane for a time. =131.= Grafting wax is made of beeswax, resin, and tallow. A good recipe is one part (as one pound) of rendered tallow, two parts of beeswax, four parts of rosin; melt together in a kettle; pour the liquid into a pail or tub of water to solidify it; work with the hands until it has the color and “grain” of taffy candy, the hands being greased when necessary. The wax will keep any length of time. For the little grafting that any pupil would do, it is better to buy the wax of a seedsman. =132.= Grafting is hardly to be recommended as a general school diversion, as the making of cuttings is; and the account of it in this chapter is inserted chiefly to satisfy the general curiosity on the subject. =133.= In Chap. V we had a definition of a plant generation: what is “one generation” of a grafted fruit tree, as Le Conte pear, Baldwin, or Ben Davis apple? =134.= The Elberta peach originated about 1880: what is meant by “originated”? =135.= How is the grape propagated so as to come true to name (explain what is meant by “coming true”)? currant? strawberry? raspberry? blackberry? peach? pear? orange? fig? plum? cherry? apple? chestnut? pecan? CHAPTER XVII HOW PLANTS CLIMB We have found that plants struggle or contend for a place in which to live. Some of them become adapted to grow in the forest shade, others to grow on other plants, as epiphytes, others to _climb to the light_. Observe how woods grapes, and other forest climbers, spread their foliage on the very top of the forest tree, while their long flexile trunks may be bare. There are several ways by which plants climb, but most climbers may be classified into four groups: (1) =scramblers=, (2) =root climbers=, (3) =tendril climbers=, (4) =twiners=.