In the Neosho and Marais des Cygnes rivers nearly all species that were found in years just prior to the drought of 1952-1956 were again found in the last year of my survey; however, some species that live in a restricted habitat may eventually be extirpated in these two rivers. The high-finned carpsucker _Carpiodes velifer_, common shiner _Notropis cornutus_, horny-headed chub _Hybopsis biguttata_, and johnny darter _Etheostoma nigrum_ all have specific habitat requirements and have disappeared or become restricted to one tributary in the Wakarusa River System (Deacon and Metcalf, 1961). The disappearance or reduction of these species implies long-term changes in the environment. Suckers, minnows and catfishes constitute the main fauna of the Neosho and Marais des Cygnes rivers, because these families contain many species that have generalized habitat-requirements. Many of these fish are able to live successfully in either ponds or flowing waters and others are capable of long migrations. Because these fish predominate in the streams of Kansas, attempts should be made to utilize them more effectively. In years such as 1957, large numbers of young channel catfish could be collected and used to stock new ponds and lakes. So doing would not affect the numbers of _adults_ produced in the stream, and, if enough young could be removed, those remaining in the streams might grow faster. Suckers and carp are abundant in the two rivers and mostly are unused at present, because current regulations preclude the use of methods effective for the capture of these species. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The investigation here reported on was supported jointly by the Kansas Forestry, Fish and Game Commission and the State Biological Survey of Kansas. I thank Messrs. W. L. Minckley, D. A. Distler, J. McMullen, A. L. Metcalf, L. J. Olund, M. Topping, B. Nelson and Claude Hastings for assistance in the field, and Mr. Ernest Craig, Game Protector, Erie, Kansas, for valuable suggestions and co-operation. I am especially grateful to Associate Professor Frank B. Cross for his pre-drought data, guidance, and criticism throughout the course of the work. I thank the many landowners who allowed me access to streams, and am especially indebted to Mr. and Mrs. Floyd Meats and Mr. and Mrs. Oliver Craig for their hospitality and assistance. Assistant Professor Kenneth B. Armitage and Associate Professor Ronald L. McGregor read the manuscript and gave helpful advice. Mrs. Maxine Deacon typed the manuscript and assisted in other ways. LITERATURE CITED ANONYMOUS. 1945. Kansas State Board of Agriculture. River basin problems and proposed reservoir projects for a state plan of water resources development: Div. of Water Resources, 63(264):1-62, Figs. 1-16. 1947. Kansas State Board of Agriculture. The Neosho River basin plan of state water resources development: Div. of Water Resources, 66(280):1-132, Figs. 1-10.