[525] _À propos_ of the fish-trade of Olbia, Koehler (in the _Mém. de l’Acad. des Sciences de St. Petersburg_, VI^{me} série, tome 1, p. 347, St. Petersburg, 1832, as quoted by E. H. Minns, _Scythians and Greeks_, Cambridge, 1913, p. 440) concludes that preserved fish of every quality, from jars of precious pickle, corresponding to our caviare or anchovy, to dried lumps answering to our stock-fish were all sent to Greece, and later to Rome, from the mouths of Dnêpr and the sea of Azov. As regards some of the small _copper_ coins of Olbia, Mr. G. F. Hill, _A Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins_ (London, 1899), p. 3, writes: “If these are coins, they differ from the ordinary Greek coin only in the fact that, instead of putting a fish type on a flan of ordinary shape, the whole coin was made in the shape of a fish. Another explanation is suggested by the fact that a pig of metal was sometimes called δελφίς. These fish-shaped pieces may be the degenerate representatives of similar-shaped pigs of bronze.” He refers to Ardaillon, _Les Mines du Laurin_, p. 111, who compares the French _saumon_ with the meaning of “a pig of metal.” [526] In Pitra, _op. cit._, pp. 508-512, will be found a list of 156 coins, gems, etc., illustrating the connection of various fishes with deities and places. For the coins of Carteia, see A. Heiss, _Description générale des monnaies antiques de l’Espagne_, Paris, 1870, p. 331 f., pl. 49, 19-21 (= my Fig. _supra_). The _salsamentum_ of this town was in special request; its boasted excellence might be perhaps accounted for by Strabo’s statement that the diet of the Tunnies off Carteia consisted of acorns which grew in that sea, just as land acorns with an occasional truffle achieve, according to gourmets, for the Spanish pig the primacy of hams. Alas! for such conjecture, science shows that the Tunny throve on _Fucus vesiculosus_, not acorns. Cf. Keller, _op. cit._ 383. [527] B. V. Head, _Historia Mumorum_, Oxford, 1911, p. 67: “These little coins formed the staple of the common currency in the Tarentine fish-markets, as well as in the rural districts subject to Tarentum, and even beyond its territories—in Apulia and Samnium for instance.” [528] Some authorities (Preller, _Griech. Myth._, I. 191) believe the head to be that of Artemis, not only the protectress of Arethusa, but also the goddess of rivers and springs, and of the fish therein—one of her emblems was a fish. Some coins show her or Arethusa’s head with seaweed plaited in the hair, or the hair plaited in a sort of fish-net surrounded by little fish. The whole island of Ortygia was absolutely dedicated to Artemis—no plough could cut a furrow, no net ensnare a fish, without instantly encountering a sea of troubles. See Keller, _op. cit._, p. 343. The sacred fish were seen by Diodorus (V. 3) as late as Octavian’s reign.