But the same change is going on in the North that I found everywhere in the South. I mean a growing race consciousness among Negroes--the building up of a more or less independent Negro community life within the greater white civilisation. Every force seems to be working in that direction. _Business Among Boston and Philadelphia Negroes_ As I have showed many Negroes in Boston (and indeed in other cities) have made a success in business enterprises which are patronised by white people--or rather by both races. Coloured doctors and lawyers in Boston have more or less white practice. Of course, coloured men who can succeed without reference to their colour and do business with both races, wish to continue to do so--but the tendency in the North, as in the South, is all against such development and toward Negro enterprises for the Negro population. Even in Boston numerous enterprises are conducted by Negroes for Negroes. I visited several small but prosperous grocery stores. A Negro named Basil F. Hutchins has built up a thriving undertaking and livery establishment for Negro trade. Charles W. Alexander has a print-shop with coloured workmen and publishes _Alexander's Magazine_. A new hotel called the Astor House, conducted by Negroes for Negroes, has 250 rooms with telephone service in each room, a large restaurant and many of the other attractions of a good hotel. But in this growth the North is far behind the South. Scores of Negro banks are to be found in the South, not one in the North. Cities like Richmond, Va., Jackson, Miss., Nashville, Tenn., have a really remarkable development of Negro business enterprises. Perhaps I can convey a clearer idea of the great variety of employment of Negroes in Northern cities by outlining the condition in a single city, Philadelphia--information for which I am indebted to R. R. Wright, Jr. The census of 1900 shows that out of 28,940 Negro males (boys and men), 21,128 were at work, and out of 33,673 girls and women, 14,095 were wage-earners. Here are some of the more numerous occupations of Negro men: Common labourers 7,690 Servants and waiters 4,378 Teamsters and hackmen 1,957 Porters and helpers in stores 921 Barbers and hairdressers 444 Messengers and errand boys 346 Brick and stone masons 308 Most of these are, of course, low-class occupations--the hard wage-work of the city in which the men often sink below the poverty line. On the other hand the census gives these figures: Negro professional men (415) and women (170) including doctors, clergymen, dentists, teachers, electricians, architects, artists, musicians, lawyers, journalists, civil engineers, actors, literary and scientific persons, etc. 585 Retail merchants, men (297), women (22). 319 Hotel keepers 13