[174] Cuvier, in 1812, _Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat._, xix.; von Baer in 1816, _Nova Acta Acad. Nat. Cur._ See _Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere_, i., p. vii., f.n. [175] Compare a parallel passage in Prevost et Dumas:--"At the very first sight one will be struck with the resemblance between the forms of the very early embryos of these two classes, a resemblance so extraordinary that one cannot refuse to admit the conclusions resulting from it. The resemblance is so striking that one can defy the most experienced observer to distinguish in any way the embryos of dog or rabbit ... from those of fowls or ducks of a corresponding age."--_Ann. Sci. nat._, iii., p. 132, 1824. [176] _De l'organisation des Animaux_, i., p. 140, 1822. [177] "Ueber das aeussere und innere Skelet," Meckel's _Archiv fuer Anat. u. Physiol._, pp. 327-76, 1826. See, too, his _Entwickelungsgeschichte_, i., pp. 181, ff. [178] Von Baer wrote an appreciative biography of Cuvier, published posthumously in 1897, _Lebensgeschichte Cuviers_, ed. L. Stieda. French trans. in _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (_Zool._), ix., 1907. [179] Cuvier et Valenciennes, _Histoire naturelle des Poissons_, i., p. 550. [180] _Mem. Mus. d'Hist. Nat._, iii., pp. 98-119, 1817. [181] _Lecons d'Anatomie comparee_, 3rd ed., vol. i., p. 414, Bruxelles, 1836. [182] In the aforementioned paper in Mueller's _Archiv_ he criticises Carus vigorously and is sarcastic on Geoffroy. CHAPTER X THE EMBRYOLOGICAL CRITERION Pander's work of 1817 was the forerunner of an embryological period in which men's hopes and interest centred round the study of development. "With bewilderment we saw ourselves transported to the strange soil of a new world," wrote Pander, and many shared his hopeful enthusiasm. K. E. von Baer's _Entwickelungsgeschichte_ was by far the greatest product of this time, but it stands in a measure apart; we have in this chapter to consider the lesser men who were Baer's contemporaries, friends, followers or critics.