Form and Function: A Contribution to the History of Animal MorphologyRussell, E. S. (Edward Stuart)
History
Form and Function: A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology
Russell, E. S. (Edward Stuart)
Anatomy, Comparative -- History; Morphology (Animals) -- History
Geoffroy pushed the analogy between Arthropods and Vertebrates very far,
for he asserted that every piece in the skeleton of an insect was
homologous with some bone in Vertebrates, that it stood always in its
proper place, and remained faithful to at least one of its
connections.[93] It does not appear that he attempted to prove in detail
this very big assumption, but the beginnings of a detailed comparison
are found in the paper of 1820, _Sur l'organisation des insectes_. Six
segments are distinguished in an insect--the head, the three divisions
of the thorax, the abdomen, and the terminal segment of the abdomen (p.
455).
The skeleton of the insect's head is said to correspond to the bones of
the face, to the bones of the cerebrum and to the hyoid of higher
Vertebrates, the skeleton of the prothorax to the bones of the
cerebellum, of the palate, and the pieces of the larynx, the skeleton of
the mesothorax to the parietals, interparietals, and opercular bones,
and that of the metathorax to the skeleton of the thorax of Vertebrates.
The pieces of the abdomen and of the terminal segment correspond to the
bones of the abdomen and coccyx (p. 458). It does not need the
subsequent likening of the hind wings of insects to the air bladder of
fish, and of the stigmata to the pores of the lateral line, to convince
one finally of the fancifulness of the whole comparison.
In 1830 two young naturalists, Meyranx and Laurencet, presented to the
Academie des Sciences a memoir in which they likened a Cephalopod to a
Vertebrate bent back at the level of the umbilicus, saying that the
Vertebrate in this position had all its organs in the same order as in
the Cephalopod. Geoffroy took up this idea with enthusiasm, seeing in it
a further application of his master-idea of the unity of plan and
composition. By means of this comparison Mollusca definitely took their
place in the _Echelle des etres_, after the Articulata, just as Geoffroy
had maintained in 1820, saying that crabs formed a link between the
other Crustacea and the molluscs.[94] The comparison brought him nearer
to the end he had in view, the reference of all animal structure to one
single type.
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