Form and Function: A Contribution to the History of Animal MorphologyRussell, E. S. (Edward Stuart)
History
Form and Function: A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology
Russell, E. S. (Edward Stuart)
Anatomy, Comparative -- History; Morphology (Animals) -- History
He used Geoffroy's _Loi de balancement_ to explain
cases of correlative development, such as the relation between the size
of the front wings and the development of the mesothorax. In another
paper Audouin compared the three pieces of the dorsal skeleton of
Trilobites to the tergum and the upper part of the "flanc."[138] In a
third paper of about the same time he tried to establish the homologies
of the segments throughout the Articulate series--with less success than
Savigny.
Later on, in conjunction with Milne-Edwards, he demonstrated the unity
of composition of the nervous system in Crustacea, showing how the
concentrated system of the crab was formed by the same series of ganglia
as in the Macrura.
The entomologist Latreille also tackled the problem of the homologies of
the segments in the different classes of Arthropods (Cuvier, _loc.
cit._, p. cclxxii.). He thought he could find fifteen segments in all
Arthropods. He made the retrograde step of likening the head of insects
to a single segment. But some of his homologies showed morphological
insight, _e.g._, his comparison of the "first jaws" of Arachnids to
antennae, because they were placed above the upper lip. It was he who
first pointed out the resemblance of the leaf-like gills of Ephemerid
larvae to wings, and suggested that wings were "a sort of tracheal feet."
He made also a rather hazy and speculative contribution on Okenian lines
to the problem of the relation of Arthropods to Vertebrates, likening
the carapace of Crustacea to an enormously developed hyoid, the
appendages of the tail to the ventral and anal fins of fish. The
masticatory organs of Arthropods were jaws disjointed at their
symphysis; antennae, nostrils turned outside in.
Duges also made a comparison of Articulates with Vertebrates.[139] He did
not accept Geoffroy's vertebral theory of the Arthropod skeleton, though
he admitted that in Arthropods the dorsal surface was turned towards the
ground, basing this assumption on the position of the nervous system,
and also, curiously enough, on the inverted position of the embryo on
the lower surface of the yolk. He considered that the mandibles and
first maxillae of Arthropods were the homologues of the upper and lower
jaws of Vertebrates, adducing as confirmatory evidence the fact that in
snakes the rami are separate. The labium was the equivalent of the
hyoid, the labial palps and maxillipedes the equivalent of the "hyoid"
elements which form the branchial arches.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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