[154] _Zur Morphologie_, i., 2, p. 250, 1820; and ii., 2, pp. 122-4, 1824. [155] See translation, giving the gist of this paper, in Huxley's _Lectures on the Elements of Comparative Anatomy_, pp. 282-6, London, 1864. [156] Reil's _Archiv. f. Physiol._, vii., 1807. [157] _Lecons d'anatomie comparee_, 3rd ed., Brussels reprint, i., p. 414, 1836. [158] In his Programm, _U. d. Bedeut. d. Schaedelknochen_, 1807. [159] _Traite elementaire d'anatomie comparee_ (French trans.), vol. iii., Paris, 1835. First developed in his volume _Von den Ur-Theilen des Knochen und Schalen-Gerustes_, Leipzig, 1828. [160] Dutrochet in 1821 had tried to prove that the bones of the members belong to the type of the vertebra--the dicone. [161] _Isis_, pp. 552-9, 1820 (2). [162] _Mem. Mus. d'Hist. nat._, ix., 1822. [163] Cuvier and Valenciennes, _Hist. nat. Poissons_, i., p. 311, f.n. CHAPTER VIII TRANSCENDENTAL ANATOMY IN ENGLAND--RICHARD OWEN Richard Owen is the epigonos of transcendental morphology; in him its guiding ideas find clear expression, and in his writings are no half-truths struggling for utterance. But he was, though a staunch transcendentalist, an eclectic of the older ideas current in his time; for he picked out what was best in the older systems--Cuvier's teleology, Geoffroy's principle of connections, Oken's idea of the serial repetition of parts. In particular, he assimilated the teaching of Cuvier, the great opponent of the transcendentalists, and reconciled it in part with his own transcendentalism. His main theoretical views are to be found in his volume _On the Archetype and Homologies of the Vertebrate Skeleton_ (London, 1848). The master-idea of the book is that the vertebrate skeleton consists of a series of comparable segments, each of which Owen calls a vertebra. His definition of a vertebra is, "one of those segments of the endo-skeleton which constitute the axis of the body, and the protecting canals of the nervous and vascular trunks" (p. 81). The parts of a typical vertebra are shown in Fig. 4, which is copied from Owen's Fig. 14. ||| zygapophysis ||| -- neural spine \ ||| *//^\\* diapophysis // \\ -- neurapohysis \ // o \\ ===== --- ===== / \ ===== |CENTRUM| O ===== -- peiurapophysis \ / ===== --- ===== / \\ // parapophysis *\\v//* / ||| zygapophysis ||| -- haemal spine ||| FIG. 4.--Ideal Typical Vertebra. (After Owen.) In Fig. 5 (page 103) is shown an actual vertebra, as Owen conceives it, the "vertebra" being that of a bird. [Illustration: FIG. 5.--Natural Typical Vertebra; Thorax of a Bird. (After Owen.)]