Annularian branches are occasionally found with cones given off from the axils of some of the leaf-whorls. An interesting specimen, which is now in the Leipzig Museum, was described by Sterzel in 1882[677], showing cones attached to a vegetative shoot of _Annularia sphenophylloides_. The long and narrow strobili—2·5 cm. long and about 6 mm. broad—appear very large in proportion to the size of the vegetative branches. A fertile shoot consists of a central axis bearing whorls of bracts alternating with sporangiophores, to each of which are attached four sporangia. The specimen in fig. 89, _A_, does not show the details clearly; each transverse constriction represents the attachment of a whorl of linear bracts; the whole cone appears to consist of a series of short broad segments. The divisions in the lower half of each segment mark the position of the sterile bracts, while those of the upper half represent the outlines of the upper sporangia of each whorl of sporangiophores, the lower sporangia being hidden by the ring of linear bracts[678]. On some portions of the specimen of fig. 89, _A_, it is possible to recognise the outlines of cells on the coaly surface-film; these probably belong to the sporangium wall. This type of cone is included under the genus _Calamostachys_, a name applied to Calamitean strobili with certain morphological characters, as described on p. 351. _c. Roots._ In 1871 Williamson[679] described some sections of what he considered to be a distinct variety of a Calamite stem. The chief peculiarity which he noticed lay in the absence of carinal canals, and in the solid pith. Some years later the same observer[680] came to the conclusion that the specimens were probably those of a plant generically distinct from _Calamites_; he accordingly proposed a new name _Astromyelon_. Subsequently Cash and Hick[681] gave an account of some examples of apparently another form of plant, to which they gave the name _Myriophylloides Williamsonis_; and Williamson[682] suggested the term _Helophyton_ as a more suitable generic designation. It was, however, demonstrated by Spencer[683] that the plant described by Cash and Hick was identical with Williamson’s _Astromyelon_. Williamson[684] then gave an account of several specimens of this type illustrating various stages in the growth and development of the _Astromyelon_ ‘stems,’ which he compared with the rhizome of the recent genus _Marsilia_.