1855. _Calamites Göpperti_, Ettingshausen[789]. 1869. _Calamites_ (_Calamophyllites_) _Göpperti_, Grand’Eury[790]. 1874. _Cyclocladia major_, Feistmantel[791]. 1874. _Calamites verticillatus_, Williamson[792]. 1876. _Calamitina Göpperti_, Weiss[793]. 1884. _Calamites_ (_Calamitina_) _varians abbreviatus_, Weiss[794]. 1884. _Calamites_ (_Calamitina_) _varians inconstans_, Weiss[795]. 1887. _Calamites Sachsei_, Stur[796]. 1888. _Calamophyllites Göpperti_, Zeiller[797]. This species is characterised by the smooth bark, which may be traversed by a few irregular longitudinal fissures; most of the nodes bear a series of small leaf-scars, and at fairly regular intervals a node is immediately succeeded by a circle of contiguous branch-scars, 8–12 in a whorl. The pith-cast of this type of stem has short ribbed internodes separated by rather deep nodal constrictions; the branch-whorls being represented by a series of pits on the nodal constrictions recurring at corresponding intervals to the whorls of branch-scars on the surface of the stem. Leaves narrow and linear in form, like those on Asterophyllitean branches, are occasionally associated with this type of stem. [Illustration: FIG. 101. _Calamites_ (_Calamitina_) sp. From a specimen in the British Museum. (After Carruthers.) Slightly reduced.] The fragment of a _Calamitina_ stem shown in fig. 101 is the counterpart of a specimen originally figured by Steinhauer[798] in 1818 as a species of _Phytolithus_. This may be specifically identical with _C. Göpperti_; but it is better to speak of so small a specimen as merely one of the _Calamitina_ stems, to be compared with _Calamites_ (_Calamitina_) _Göpperti_. The specimen measures 14·5 cm. in length and 7 cm. in breadth. The form of pith-cast represented in fig. 100 is no doubt that of one of the _Calamitina_ species, but as it is seldom possible to determine the connection between such casts and the particular species of stems to which they belong, they are often referred to as _Calamites_ (_Calamitina_) _approximatus_ (Brongn.). The specimen of which fig. 100 is a photograph was originally described and figured by Mr Kidston[799] from the lower Coal-Measures of Ayrshire. Both _Calamites_ (_Calamitina_) _Göpperti_ (Ett.) and _C._ (_Calamitina_) _approximatus_ (Brongn.) are recorded from the Transition, Middle and Lower Coal-Measures[800]. B. _Stylocalamites._ In the members of this sub-genus the branch-scars are either irregular in their occurrence or absent. In some Calamites the branch-scars are very few and far between, and other species appear to have been almost without branches; pith-casts of such stems may be referred to the sub-genus _Stylocalamites_[801].