There can be little doubt that the petrified shoots described by Williamson[384] from the Calciferous Sandstone beds of Burntisland as _Lepidodendron brevifolium_ are identical with specimens possessing the external features of _L. Veltheimianum_. In 1872 Dawson expressed the opinion that Williamson’s species should be referred to _L. Veltheimianum_, and evidence subsequently obtained confirms this view. The stele of this species is of the medullated type, differing from that of _L. fuliginosum_ and _L. Harcourtii_ in the absence of prominent ridges on the external surface of the primary xylem, and from _L. vasculare_ in the possession of a parenchymatous pith. In younger twigs the cortex consists of fairly homogeneous tissue, but in older branches there is a greater distinction between a delicate middle cortex and a stronger outer cortex. Fig. 186, A, represents a stem in which the vascular cylinder is composed of a primary xylem ring, _x_, 1·5 mm. broad, succeeded by a zone of secondary wood 1·2 cm. in breadth. The junction between the primary and secondary xylem is shown on a larger scale in fig. 186, B. The tissues abutting on the secondary xylem have not been preserved; the outer cortex, which consists chiefly of secondary elements, is divided superficially into unequal ridges corresponding to the leaf-cushions which have been more or less obliterated as the result of growth in thickness of the stem. 9. _Lepidodendron Pedroanum_ (Carruthers). In 1869 Mr Carruthers described some specimens of vegetative stems and isolated sporangia, collected by Mr Plant in Brazil, as _Flemingites Pedroanus_[385]. From a more recent account published by Zeiller[386] it is clear that Carruthers’ species is a true _Lepidodendron_; an examination of the type-specimens in the British Museum confirms this determination. The contiguous leaf-cushions have rounded angles similar in form to those of _Lepidodendron Veltheimianum_ and _L. dichotomum_, but it is not unlikely that the Brazilian plant is specifically distinct from European species. A figure of one of the specimens on which Carruthers founded the species is given by Arber[387] in his _Glossopteris Flora_. The Brazilian plant is chiefly interesting as affording proof of the existence of _Lepidodendron_ in the southern hemisphere; the species has also been recognised in South Africa from material collected by Mr Leslie at Vereeniging[388]. As Zeiller[389] has suggested, it is not improbable that the fossils described by Renault[390] from Brazil as _Lycopodiopsis Derbyi_ may be the petrified stems of _Lepidodendron Pedroanum_. The structure of the central cylinder of Renault’s species is of the type represented by _L. Harcourtii_; the xylem forms a continuous ring and does not consist of separate strands of tracheae as Renault believed. 10. _Lepidodendron australe_ (M’Coy). Figs. 187, A–C.