The occurrence of small scale-like leaves of the type represented in fig. 468, C, in association with _Cordaites_ (_Noeggerathiopsis_) _Hislopi_[631] in India, Brazil, Siberia, and elsewhere may mean that these organs are scales of large foliar buds. The occurrence of several forms of platyspermic seeds, in some cases apparently identical with European forms and sometimes distinct types, in close association with _Cordaites_ (_Noeggerathiopsis_) _Hislopi_ has already been mentioned. Examples of such seeds are described in Chapter +xxxv.+ under the genus _Samaropsis_. There are very few satisfactory examples of Cordaitean branches from the southern hemisphere. Schmalhausen[632] figures good specimens from Siberian rocks from which his _Rhiptozamites_ leaves were obtained. Branches with spirally disposed leaf-scars figured by Zeiller[633] from the Rhaetic of Tonkin closely resemble _Cordaicladus_. Feistmantel’s drawing of a fossil from the Karharbari series, compared by him with a Fern rhizome[634], may be a Cordaitean branch, and the same author describes a stem[635] from New South Wales as _Caulopteris Adamsi_ which bears a close resemblance to a branch of _Cordaites_. Similarly a leafy shoot described from India by Zeiller as _Araucarites Oldhami_[636] may be compared with branches of the _Poa-Cordaites_ type. [Illustration: Fig. 473. _Cordaites_ (or _Mesoxylon_?) stem showing the discoid pith partially enclosed by wood. (½ nat. size.) M. S.] +Stems.+ i. _Pith-casts._ =Artisia.= Sternberg.