329. _fro whom all godenesse and grace cometh fro_: cp. 24-5 _the lond of the whiche on of the þre Kynges... was kyng offe_; 76-8 _þei... of whom all science... cometh from_; and 301-2 _be the whiche the_ Mappa Mundi _was made after_. The pleonasm is explained by the divergence of French and ME. word order. In French, as in modern literary English, the preposition is placed at the beginning of the clause, before the relative (_de qui_, _dont_, &c.). ME. writers naturally use the relative _that_, and postpone the preposition to the end of the clause: e.g. _þat all godenesse cometh fro_. The translator compromises between his French original and his native habit by placing the preposition both at the beginning and at the end. X #Dialect#: Northern (Scots): the MS. copy was made in 1487 more than a century after the poem was composed. #Vocabulary#: Note _till_ 'to' 4, 77 (in rime); _syne_ 'afterwards' 35, 112; the forms _sic_ 'such' 135, _begouth_ 94, and the short verbal forms _ma_ (in rime) 'make' 14, _tane_ (in rime) 'taken' 19. #Inflexions#: VERB: pres. ind. 3 sg. _has_ 76. 3 pl. _has_ 52, _mais_ 72; but _thai haf_ 16. pres. p. _rynand_ 17, _vyndland_ 129 (in rime). strong pp. _gane_ 84, _drawyn_ 124. PRONOUN 3 PERS.: sg. fem. nom. _scho_ (in rime) 80; pl. _thai_ 1: _thair_ 28; _thame_ 3. #Sounds#: OE. _ā_ remains: _brynstane_ (in rime) 20, _sare_ 51. OE. _ō_ (close _ọ̄_) appears as _u_ (_ǖ_?): _gude_ 36, _fut_ 57, _tume_ 143. Unaccented _-(e)d_ of weak pa. t. and pp. becomes _-(i)t_: _passit_ 2, &c. #Spelling#: _i_ (_y_) following a vowel indicates length: _weill_ 10, _noyne_ 'noon' 67. OE. _hw-_ appears as _quh-_ (indicating strong aspiration): _quhelis_ 'wheels' 17, _quhar_ 18. _v_ and _w_ are interchanged: _vithall_ 9, _behevin_ 163, _in swndir_ 106. * * * * * Book XVII of _The Bruce_ begins with the capture of Berwick by the Scots in March 1318. Walter Stewart undertakes to hold the city, and is aided in preparing defences by a Flemish engineer, John Crab. Next year King Edward II determines to recapture the stronghold by an attack from both land and sea. He entrenches his forces and makes the first assault unsuccessfully early in September 1319. In this battle the Scotch garrison capture a clever engineer (see note to l. 71 below). King Robert Bruce meanwhile orders a raid into England as a diversion, and on 20 September 1319, an English army, led by the Archbishop of York, is disastrously defeated by the invaders at Mitton. Our extract gives the story of the second assault on Berwick, which was also fruitless. The fortress fell into English hands again as a result of the battle of Halidon Hill in 1333: see XIV _a_ 35-6. * * * * *