transported by river-ice, and imply therefore cold climatic conditions. The overlying Mosbach Sands have yielded not only _Elephas antiquus_ and _Hippopotamus major_, but the reindeer, the mammoth, and the marmot--two strongly contrasted faunas, betokening climatic changes similar to those that marked the accumulation of the river-deposits of the Thames, the Seine, etc. Of younger date than the Mosbach Sands is another series of unfossiliferous gravels, which, like the older series, are charged with ice-floated erratics. The beds at Mosbach are thus shown to be of interglacial age: they occupy the same geological horizon as the interglacial beds of Switzerland and other glaciated tracts in central and northern Europe. [BO] Kinkelin: _Bericht über die Senckenberg. naturf. Ges. in Frankfurt a. M._, 1889. [BP] Schumacher: _Mittheilungen d. Commission für d. geolog. Landes-Untersuch. v. Elsass-Lothringen_, Bd. ii., 1890, p. 184. [BQ] _Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geolog. Ges._, 1887, p. 806. To this position must likewise be assigned the Pleistocene river-alluvia of other districts. There is no other horizon, indeed, on which these can be placed. That they are not of post-glacial age is shown by the fact that in many places the angular gravels and flood-loams of the Glacial period overlie them. And that they cannot all belong to pre-glacial times is proved by the frequent occurrence underneath them of glacial or fluvio-glacial accumulations. It is quite possible, of course, that here and there in the valleys of western and southern Europe some of the Pleistocene alluvia may be of pre-glacial age. But in the main these alluvia must be regarded as the equivalents of the glacial and interglacial deposits of northern and Alpine districts. This will appear a reasonable conclusion when we bear in mind that long before the Pliocene period came to a close the climate of Europe had begun to deteriorate. In England, as we know, glacial conditions supervened almost at the advent of the Pleistocene period. And the same was the case in the Alpine Lands of the south. Again, in the glaciated areas of north and south alike, the closing stage of the Pleistocene was characterised by cold climatic conditions. And thus in those regions the glacial and interglacial epochs were co-extensive with that period. It follows, therefore, that the Pleistocene deposits of extra-glacial areas must be the equivalents of the glacial and interglacial accumulations elsewhere. If we refused to admit this we should be puzzled indeed to tell what the rivers of western and southern Europe were doing throughout the long-continued Glacial period. There is no escape from the conclusion that the Pleistocene river-alluvia and cave-accumulations must be assigned to the same general horizon as the glacial and interglacial deposits. This is now admitted by Continental palæontologists who find in the character of Pleistocene organic remains abundant proof that