include pine, fir (_Picea excelsa_), hornbeam, warty birch (_Betula verrucosa_), various willows (_Salix repens_, _S. aurita_, _S. caprea_ [?], _S. cinerea_), hazel, poplar (?), common holly, etc. It is worthy of note that here also the interglacial water-lily (_Cratopleura_) of Schleswig-Holstein and Switzerland makes its appearance. Dr. Weber writes me that the facies of this flora implies a well-marked temperate insular climate (Seeklima). The occurrence of holly in the heart of the Continent, where it no longer grows wild, is particularly noteworthy. The evidence furnished by such a flora leads one to conclude that at the climax of the genial interglacial epoch, the Scandinavian snow-fields and glaciers were not more extensive than they are at present. [CA] _Neues Jahrbuch f. Min. Geol. u. Palæont._, 1891, ii., pp. 62, 228; _Ibid._, 1892, i., p. 114. [CB] _Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift_, Bd. vii. (1892), No. 4, p. 31. The plants were determined by Dr. Weber, Professor Wittmack, and Herr Warnstorf. [More recent investigations have considerably increased our knowledge of this flora. See _Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift_, Bd. vii. (1892), Nr. 24, 25. _Ausland_, 1892, Nr. 20; _Neues Jahrb. f. Min., etc._, 1893, Bd. i., p. 95.] The presence of the upper diluvium, however, proves that such genial conditions eventually passed away, and that an ice-sheet again invaded north Germany. But this later invasion was not on the same scale as that of the preceding one. The geographical distribution of the upper diluvium and the position of large terminal moraines put this quite beyond doubt. The boulder-clay in question spreads over the Baltic provinces of Germany, extending south as far as Berlin,[CC] and west into Schleswig-Holstein and Denmark. At the climax of this later cold epoch glaciers occupied all the fiords of Norway, but did not advance beyond the general coast-line. Norway at that time must have greatly resembled Greenland--the inland-ice covering the interior of the country, and sending seawards large glaciers that calved their icebergs at the mouths of the great fiords. In the extreme south, however, the glaciers did not quite reach the sea, but piled up large terminal moraines on the coast-lands, which may be followed thence into Sweden in an easterly direction by the lower end of Lake Wener and through Lake Wetter. A similar belt of moraines marks out the southern termination of the ice-sheet in Finland. Between Sweden and Finland lies the basin of the Baltic, which, at the epoch in question was filled with ice, forming a great Baltic glacier. This glacier overflowed the Öland Islands, Gottland, and Öland, fanning out as it passed towards the south-west and west, so as to invade on the south the Baltic provinces of Germany, while in the north it traversed the southern part of Scania, and overwhelmed the Danish islands as it spread into Jutland and Schleswig-Holstein. The course of this second