Inventors -- United States -- Biography; Pupin, Michael, 1858-1935
The moving electricity has a momentum. The magnetic lines of force
produced by this motion are a measure of this momentum. Their change
is opposed by a reacting force equal to the rate of this change. This
was discovered by Faraday nearly a hundred years ago. The larger the
number of turns in the coil of wire the larger will be the momentum for
a given electrical motion, that is, for a given electrical current. But
how can anybody understand very clearly this beautiful law, discovered
by Faraday, who does not understand Galileo’s simpler discovery? The
fact that electricity, just like matter, has inertia, and that both
obey the same law of inertia, is one of the most beautiful discoveries
in science. Whenever I thought that so many intelligent and cultured
people knew nothing about it I rebelled against the educational system
of modern civilization.
The motion of electricity in the conductor described above overcomes
reacting forces which follow the same laws as the motion of the elastic
prongs of the tuning-fork. The motion of one has, therefore, an analogy
in the motion of the other. In an electrical circuit having a coil
and a condenser the moving electricity has a definite inertia and a
definite electrical stiffness; hence it will have a definite pitch
or frequency for its vibratory motion, just like a tuning-fork; it
will act as a resonator. It is obvious, therefore, that an electrical
resonator, the pitch of which can be adjusted by adjusting its coil
or its condenser or both, is a perfect parallel to the acoustical
resonator. By means of an electrical resonator of this kind, having an
adjustable coil and an adjustable condenser, I succeeded in detecting
every one of the harmonics in Rowland’s distorted alternating currents,
in the same manner in which Helmholtz detected the harmonics in the
vowel sounds, but with much greater ease, because the pitch of an
electrical resonator can be very easily and accurately changed by
adjusting its coil and condenser. There are millions of people to-day
who are doing that very thing when they are turning the knobs on
their radio receiving sets, adjusting them to the wave-length of the
transmitting station. The expression, “adjusting them to the pitch
or frequency of the transmitting station,” is much better, because
it reminds the operator of the analogy existing between acoustical
and electrical resonance. The procedure was inaugurated thirty years
ago in the “cowshed” of old Columbia College. I called it “electrical
tuning” and the name has stuck to it down to the present time. The
word “tuning” was suggested by the operation which the Serbian
bagpiper performs when he tunes up his bagpipes, which I watched with
a lively interest in my boyhood days. Those early impressions had made
acoustical and electrical resonance appear to me later as obvious
things.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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