Inventors -- United States -- Biography; Pupin, Michael, 1858-1935
All atoms are built up from a single atom, the atom of hydrogen,
which consists of a positive electron or proton, the nucleus, and a
single negative electron revolving around it like a satellite around
the central planet. A heavier atom, say an atom of oxygen, consists
of sixteen atoms of hydrogen, the positive nuclei of which form the
positive nucleus or central portion of the oxygen atom. Some of the
negative electrons are distributed among the positive electrons of
the central nucleus, serving to cement them together, and the other
negative electrons are revolving like satellites around the central
nucleus. The number of these satellites is the atomic number of
the atom, and it is this number, and not the atomic weight, which
determines the chemical characteristics of the atoms. This is only
a mere glance into the structure of Electron Physics, made here for
the purpose of pointing out some of the never-dreamt-of possibilities
that Electron Physics holds in view. For instance, four atoms of
hydrogen combining into an atom of helium give off a certain amount
of energy. We say the atoms of hydrogen degrade into the heavier atom
of helium and, thereby, a certain amount of energy is liberated. A
helium atom weighs less than four atoms of hydrogen, because of the
diminished energy per atom of hydrogen, the decrement of the weight
being proportional to the decrement of energy. This is demanded by
Einstein’s theory, which is really an extension of the theory first
proposed by Sir John Joseph Thomson, and it is a remarkable fact that
these weight relations satisfy the prophecy of the theory. The amount
of energy obtained by the degradation of the lighter into heavier atoms
is enormous. But we do not know how to produce the process of this
degradation. The question arises: Do not the young stars, the very hot
stars, which always consist of gases of small atomic weight, obtain a
supply of radiant energy from the degradation of atoms of small into
atoms of high atomic weight, and, if this is so, then why shall we
not some day learn this great secret from the stars? The language of
the stars has many deep secrets to tell; it mystifies me just as much
to-day as it did on the pasturelands of my native village fifty years
ago.
Many other most startling contemplations may be connected with the
new views opened up by Electron Physics, all of them illustrating the
beauty, the wealth, and the power of a new science which represents the
marriage of two great sciences, physics and chemistry.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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