[6] Cf. Modena MS. pp. 11, 12, 21, etc.; Dr Nitze, _The Fisher-King in the Grail Romances_, p. 373, says Borron uses the term _Rice_ Pescheur, as opposed to the _Roi_ Pescheur of Chrétien. This remark is only correct as applied to the _Joseph_. [7] Modena MS p. 61 and note. [8] _Ibid_. p. 63. [9] The evidence of the _Parzival_ and the parallel Grail sections of _Sone de Nansai_, which appear to repose ultimately on a source common to all three authors, makes this practically certain. [10] This is surely a curious omission, if the second King were as essential a part of the scheme as Dr Nitze supposes. [11] Cf. Chapter 2, p. —-. [12] I cannot agree with Dr Nitze’s remark (_op. cit_. p. 374) that “in most versions the Fisher King has a mysterious double.” I hold that feature to be a peculiarity of the Chrétien-Wolfram group. It is not found in the Gawain versions, in Wauchier, nor in Manessier. Gerbert is using the _Queste_ in the passage relative to Mordrains, and for the reason stated above I hold that heither _Queste_ nor _Grand Saint Graal_ should be cited when we are dealing, as Dr Nitze is here dealing, with questions of ultimate origin. [13] Cf. my _Legend of Sir Lancelot_, pp. 167 and 168. [14] Cf. Heinzel, _Ueber die Alt-Franz. Gral-Romanen_, pp. 136 and 137. [15] Cf. _Legend of Sir Perceval_, Vol. II. p. 343, note. These three kings are found in the curious Merlin MS. B.N., f. Franç. 337, fo. 249 _et seq_. [16] _Vide supra_, pp. 91. 92. [17] _Op. cit_. p. 184. [18] Cf. Chapter 5, p. 52, Chap. 7, p. 88. [19] _Diû Crone_, ll. 17329 _et seq_. [20] In the _Parzival_ Titurel is grandfather to Anfortas, Frimutel intervening; critics of the poem are apt to overlook this difference between the German and French versions. [21] Cf. Chapter 2, p. 20. [22] Cf. here my notes on _Sone de Nansai_ (_Romania_, Vol. XLIII. p. 412). [23] In connection with my previous remarks on the subject (p. 112) I would point out that the _Queste_ and _Grand Sainte Graal_ versions repeat the Maimed King _motif_ in the most unintelligent manner. The element of old age, inherent in the Evalach-Mordrains incident, is complicated and practically obscured, by an absurdly exaggerated wounding element, here devoid of its original significance. [24] Heinzel, _op. cit_. p. 13. [25] For an instance of the extravagances to which a strictly Christian interpretation can lead, cf. Dr Sebastian Evans’s theories set forth in his translation of the _Perlesvaus_ (_The High History of the Holy Grail_) and in his _The Quest of the Holy Grail_. The author places the origin of the cycle in the first quarter of the thirteenth century, and treats it as an allegory of the position in England during the Interdict pronounced against King John, and the consequent withholding of the Sacraments. His identification of the character with historical originals is most ingenious, an extraordinary example of misapplied learning.