[Z] We have before us an _Æcidium_ on leaves of _Berberis vulgaris_, collected at Berne by Shuttleworth in 1833. It is named by him _Æcidium graveolens_, and differs in the following particulars from _Æcidium berberidis_. The peridia are scattered as in _Æ. Epilobii_, and not collected in clusters. They are not so much elongated. The cells are larger, and the orange spores nearly twice the diameter. There is a decided, strong, but unpleasant odour in the fresh plant; hence the name. The above figures (figs. 107, 108) of the cells and spores of both species are drawn by camera lucida to the same scale--380 diameters. [a] Freiherrn von Hohenbühel-Heufler, in "Oesterr. Botan. Zeitschrift," No. 3, 1870. [b] Fuckel, "Symbolæ Mycologicæ" (1869), p. 49. [c] Almost simultaneously with De Bary, the late Professor Oersted instituted experiments, from which the same results ensued, as to _Æcidium berberidis_ and _Puccinia graminis_. See "Journ. Hort. Soc. Lond." new ser. i., p. 85. [d] "Oversigt over det Kon. Danske Videns. Selskabs" (1866), p. 185, t. 3, 4; (1867,) p. 208, t. 3, 4; "Résumé du Bulletin de la Soc. Roy. Danoise des Sciences" (1866), p. 15; (1867), p. 38; "Botanische Zeitung" (1867), p. 104; "Quekett Microscopical Club Journal," vol. ii. p. 260. [e] This is _Podisoma foliicola_, B. and Br., or, as proposed in "Journ. Quekett Club," ii. p. 267, _Sarcostroma Berkeleyi_, C. [f] Tulasne, "Selecta Fungorum Carpologia," iii. p. 6, pl. i. figs. 19-31. [g] Cramer's "Papilio Exotic" (1782), fig. 267. [h] Cooke, "Handbook," p. 548, No. 1639. [i] Ibid. p. 556, No. 1666. [j] Specimens were published under this name in Cooke's "Fungi Britannici Exsiccati," No. 359. [k] Cooke, "On Polymorphism in Fungi," in "Popular Science Review." [l] Lewis's "Report on Microscopic Objects found in Cholera Evacuations," Calcutta, 1870. [m] Tulasne, "Selecta Fungorum Carpologia," ii. p. 261. [n] Corda, "Prachtflora," plate vii. X. INFLUENCES AND EFFECTS. It is no longer doubted that fungi exercise a large and very important influence in the economy of nature. It may be that in some directions these influences are exaggerated; but it is certain that on the whole their influence is far more important for evil and for good than that of any other of the Cryptogamia. In our endeavour to estimate the character and extent of these influences it will prove advantageous to examine them under three sections. 1. Their influence on man. 2. Their influence on lower animals. 3. Their influence on vegetation. Under these sections the chief facts may be grouped, and some approximate idea obtained of the very great importance of this family of inferior plants, and consequently the advisability of pursuing their study more thoroughly and nationally than has hitherto been done.