[71] Here follows a contrast between the Vitalists and the Epicurean Atomists. _cf._ p. 153 _et seq._ [72] A unity or _continuum_, an _individuum_. [73] Lit. to the _physis_ or the _psyche_; that is, a denial of the autonomy of physiology and psychology. [74] Lit. _somata_. [75] For "natures" in the plural, involving the idea of a separate nature immanent in each individual, _cf._ p. 36, note 1 (60). [76] A lost work. [77] For Asclepiades _v._ p. 49, note 5 (82). [78] "Le corps tout entier a unité de souffle (_perspiration et expiration_) et unité de flux (_courants_, _circulation des liquides_)" (Daremberg). "Conspirabile et confluxile corpus esse" (Linacre). Apparently Galen refers to the pneuma and the various humours. _cf._ p. 293, note 2 (366). [79] _i.e._ "appropriated"; very nearly "assimilated." [80] "Attractricem convenientis qualitatis vim" (Linacre). _cf._ p. 36, note 2 (61). [81] Lit. "obvious phenomena." [82] Asclepiades of Bithynia, who flourished in the first half of the first century B.C., was an adherent of the atomistic philosophy of Democritus, and is the typical representative of the Mechanistic school in Graeco-Roman medicine; he disbelieved in any principle of individuality ("nature") in the organism, and his methods of treatment, in accordance with his pathology, were mechano-therapeutical. _cf._ p. 64, note 3 (100). [83] Diocles of Carystus was the chief representative of the Dogmatic or Hippocratic school in the first half of the fourth century B.C. Praxagoras was his disciple, and followed him in the leadership of the school. For Erasistratus, _cf._ p. 95 _et seq._ [84] Sufferers from kidney-trouble. [85] The ureters. [86] Unless otherwise stated, "peritoneum" stands for parietal peritoneum alone. [87] In the peritoneal cavity. [88] Contrast, however, _anasarca_, p. 41. [89] Regurgitation, however, is prevented by the fact that the ureter runs for nearly one inch obliquely through the bladder wall before opening into its cavity, and thus an efficient _valve_ is produced. [90] On the [Greek: technê] (artistic or creative skill) shown by the living organism ([Greek: physis]) _v._ pp. 25, 45, 47; Introduction, p. xxix. [91] Direct denial of Aristotle's dictum that "Nature does nothing in vain." We are reminded of the view of certain modern laboratory physicians and surgeons that the _colon_ is a "useless" organ, _cf._ Erasistratus, p. 143. [92] The _vasa deferentia_. [93] "De l'habileté et de la prévoyance de la nature à l'égard des animaux" (Daremberg). _cf._ p. 56, note 1 (90). [94] _cf._ p. 36, note 2 (61).