Another step is needed to complete our argument in this branch. Actions are the production of motives. Motives are the effects of determinate antecedents. Whence these antecedents? They are to be found in the “Law of Heredity.” Reproduction is governed by law, and “like begets like.” To quote from Voltaire: “The physical, which is ‘father of the moral,’ transmits the same character from father to son for ages. The Appii were ever proud and inflexible; the Catos always austere. The whole line of the Guises were bold, rash, factious, full of the most insolent pride and most winning politeness. From Francis de Guise down to that one who put himself at the head of the people of Naples, they were all in look, courage and character above ordinary men. I have seen full length portraits of Francis, of Balafre and his son: they were all six feet high, and they all possess the same features--the same audacity on the brow, in the eyes, and in the attitude.” M. Taine sees in Lord Byron a true descendant of the Berserkers. To Ribot, the French of the 19th century are the Gauls described by Cæsar and Strabo. Amphere writes of the character of the Greeks, that it has not changed; “he has now the same qualities, the same defects as of old.” The physiology and mentality of parents characterize their offspring. The human mind is not a blank at birth. Its capabilities and character are inherited. Every possibility of the soul is innate and constitutional from the moment of gestation. Such is the verdict of science substantiated by Ribot, Galton, and Fowler. That the peculiar anatomy and physiognomy of races is persistent and hereditary, must be admitted. The truth is verified by every-day experience. We see it in the Englishman, the Frenchman, the Spaniard, and Scandinavian. The intellectual characteristics of a people are likewise transmitted from generation to generation. The Indian, for example, is ever wild, free, cunning and revengeful. Negroes, on the other hand, are generally timid, garrulous, urbane and polite. The Hebrews, again, are noteworthy for intellectual calibre, the acquisitive faculty, and a clannish spirit.