General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 2 (of 3)Bichat, Xavier
Science
General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 2 (of 3)
Bichat, Xavier
Human anatomy; Human physiology
Exposed for a long time to ebullition, as in common boiled meat, the
muscular texture, still united to the adjacent organs, and to its
common parts, gives, 1st, an albuminous scum which appears to arise
more from the lymph of the cells than from the muscle itself; 2d,
many fatty drops coming also especially from the cellular texture,
almost foreign consequently to the texture of the muscle, and which
swim on its surface; 3d, gelatine formed especially by the aponeurotic
intersections; 4th, an extractive substance which colours in part the
water in which it is boiled, gives it a peculiar taste and remains in
part adherent to the flesh to which it communicates a deep tinge wholly
different from that of raw flesh, a tinge which arises also from the
colouring matter of the muscle, and which moreover changes, when the
liquor cools, into a less deep and even a whitish tinge; 5th, various
salts which contribute much to the taste of the liquor, and the nature
of which chemists have ascertained. These are the natural phenomena of
the ebullition of the muscle.
The more extensive analysis of boiled flesh is not my province; but
what ought not to escape us here, are the phenomena of which the
fibre is the seat, whilst the preceding products are extracted,
whether from it, or the surrounding textures. These phenomena can
be referred to three periods. 1st. When the water is only tepid,
and even a little above the temperature of the body, it leaves the
muscular texture in the same state, or softens it a little. 2d. When
it approaches ebullition and begins to be covered with an albuminous
scum, the texture crisps, thickens and contracts and gives to the
muscle a density much greater than what is natural to it, and
augments considerably its resistance. I have observed that in this
state the muscles bear much greater weights than in a natural state.
They approximate, if we may so say, that remarkable density which
characterizes them when they contract in the living body, and which so
powerfully opposes their rupture. This condensation of the muscular
texture, which is prompt and sudden, increases till the period of
ebullition, when it is at its greatest height; it continues only for
a certain time. 3d. Gradually it diminishes, the fibres soften, and
are more easily torn than in their natural state. This softening, the
reverse of the hardening that precedes, is produced slowly and by
degrees. When arrived to a certain degree, the meat is rendered fit
for the table. Observe that then the muscle has not returned to the
state in which it was found before the hardening; among other phenomena
which distinguish it, the following is an essential one; it has lost
the power of crisping, of acquiring the horny hardness, from the action
of the concentrated acids, from alkohol or from caloric. In general it
becomes putrid more slowly. Its putrefaction does not give the same
odour. We know how much its taste differs. The principles it has lost
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