In other circumstances the brain is only affected sympathetically. In many acute affections what is called translation to the brain, does not arise from more blood being carried to it; the pulse is not fuller, the face is not more flushed; there are often even signs of languor in the action of the vascular system. The brain is affected, like all the other organs by sympathy, a happy word, which serves to veil our ignorance in respect to the relations of organs to each other; the brain is affected then like the heart, the liver, &c. Take for example peripneumony; the lungs are then the organs that are essentially injured, from this essential and local injury, arise many sympathetic ones more or less severe. If the liver is sympathetically affected, bilious symptoms are joined to the symptoms of the principal affection; if it is the stomach then gastric symptoms are manifested. The heart is always agitated; hence there is fever. When the sympathetic influence extends to the brain, there is violent motion, convulsions, &c.; for, as I have said, the state of the muscles is the index of the state of this organ; now, in this last circumstance, the will has nothing to do with the animal contractility in exercise; the patient cannot prevent the convulsive agitation of his muscles; the sympathetic irritation of the brain is stronger than the influence of the will. This example of cerebral affection in peripneumony, though more rare than in many other diseases, may however give us an idea of what takes place in all other cases in which the muscles are convulsively agitated by the injury of any organ, by that of the fibrous system distended, of the ligaments and especially of the aponeuroses, by dentition, by violent pains in the kidneys, in the salivary glands or the pancreas, occasioned by a stone, by injuries of the diaphragm, the nerves, &c. In all these cases, there is an affected point in the economy; from this point the sympathetic irradiations go off, which especially reach the brain; this irritated by them, enters into action and excites the muscles; their contraction takes place and the will is a stranger to it.