General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 3 (of 3)Bichat, Xavier
Science
General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 3 (of 3)
Bichat, Xavier
Human anatomy; Human physiology
Upon this subject I will make a remark which appears to me to be very
important; it is that the capillary system of the face is, more than
that of all the other parts of the skin, exposed to be thus penetrated
with blood. 1st. This is evident in the two cases of which I have just
spoken, and in which the action of the heart is increased. 2d. In the
passions, the skin remains the same in the other parts, whilst that
of the face suddenly becomes pale or red. 3d. We know that physicians
frequently examine the state of the facial capillary system, which is
almost always affected by the state of the internal viscera, and is
full of blood or empty, according as it is sympathetically influenced.
4th. In various kinds of asphyxia, in those especially produced by
submersion, by the vapour of charcoal, by strangulation, &c. the face
is uniformly of a violet colour from the passage of the black blood
into its external capillary system, into which it is brought by the
arteries. Oftentimes the neck and the upper part of the chest are also
livid; but there is never a discoloration of the inferior parts. 5th.
In many diseases, in which death takes place by a kind of asphyxia,
because the lungs are the first interrupted, the dead bodies have a
violet-coloured and swollen face; this may be easily observed by all
who frequent dissecting rooms. There are a hundred subjects in which
the head has this lividity, to one in which it is observed in the
inferior parts. 6th. Most cases of apoplexy produce the same lividity
of the face.
To what is this extreme susceptibility of the facial capillary
system to admit the blood owing? Three things, I think, principally
contribute to it. 1st. The course is already opened to this fluid,
since the redness of the cheeks necessarily supposes its presence in
them, it only increases in quantity; whereas when another part of the
dermoid surface becomes red, all the blood which enters it is almost
accidental. 2d. The anatomical arrangement of the capillary system is
more favourable to this passage there than elsewhere; for it appears
that the communications of this system with the arteries of the chorion
are more free. What proves this is, that in injections the face is
coloured with great ease. There is undoubtedly no anatomist who has
not been struck with this phenomenon, especially in children, in whom
if the coarse injections of our dissecting rooms succeed at all, the
face becomes wholly black, whilst the fluid penetrates but very little
into the other parts of the cutaneous system. 3d. It appears that
there is a greater sensibility in the face; in fact the same irritant
brings blood there, which does not make it flow to any other place. For
example, a blow equal to a box on the ear does not redden the skin of
the arm, whilst it suddenly inflames the cheeks.
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