General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 3 (of 3)Bichat, Xavier
Science
General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 3 (of 3)
Bichat, Xavier
Human anatomy; Human physiology
We do not see upon the external surface of the skin of the fœtus most
of the wrinkles of which we have spoken above. Those of the face in
particular are not seen; the kind of immobility, in which the facial
muscles are, is evidently the reason of it. The forehead, the eyelids,
the edges of the lips, &c. are smooth. Besides, the abundance of fat
which then distends the integuments of the cheeks, prevents every
species of fold there. As the hands and the feet are found in part
bent at their articulations, by the attitude of the fœtus, different
wrinkles are already formed about these articulations, principally on
the hand, where however they appear less in proportion than afterwards.
The curved, papillary lines are not very evident on the foot and the
hand, even when the epidermis is removed.
The internal surface of the skin is remarkable for the slight adhesion
of the subjacent cellular texture, the cells of which filled with
fatty particles are removed with great ease, by scraping this surface
with the edge of a knife. We see then there the spaces already well
formed, and as distinct in proportion as afterwards. By pursuing their
dissection from within outwards, we insensibly lose sight of them
towards the external surface where the skin is condensed.
More blood enters the skin of the fœtus, than at any other period of
life. It is easy to observe this in small animals taken alive from
the womb of their mother; for in the fœtuses that are dead at birth,
or born prematurely, the cause which destroys life, increasing or
diminishing in the last moments the quantity of cutaneous blood,
prevents us from drawing any conclusion as to the ordinary state by an
inspection of them. The nerves are, as in all the other parts, more
evident; but the papillæ, though sensible, as I have said, have not a
proportionable increase.
The animal sensibility is not in exercise in the skin of the fœtus, or
at least it is very obscure there. This is owing to the absence of the
causes of excitement. These are the surrounding heat, the waters of
the amnios and the parietes of the womb, which can furnish materials
for sensations; but as these causes are always uniform, and have no
varieties, the fœtus can have but a very feeble perception, because
acuteness of sensation requires change of stimuli. We know that heat
long continued at the same degree becomes insensible, that a long
continuance in a bath takes away almost entirely the sensation of the
water, because habit is every thing as it respects sensation; nothing
but what is new affects us powerfully.
Is the organic sensibility of the skin in activity in the fœtus?
does it preside over the alternate exhalation and absorption of the
waters of the amnios? This is not the common opinion, it is not even a
probable one; but this question is far from being settled in so precise
a manner as many other points of physiology.
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