The eyebrows enjoy two evident motions. 1st. They are depressed and carried inwards, by forming over the eye a very evident arch. 2d. They are raised up and separated from each other, by expanding the parts around the orbit. The length between the extremes of these two motions is nearly an inch. The first motion takes place to defend the eye from a very bright light. It expresses also the melancholy and gloomy passions; hence the reason no doubt why the same word is applied to the moral state of the mind, and to the row of hairs of which we are treating. Observe on this subject that the sanguineous and choleric temperaments, which are the most disposed to the passions which make the eyebrows contract, are precisely those in which the hairs that compose them are found in general the most evident. The second motion enables us to receive upon the region of the orbit a great quantity of the rays of light; it allows us to raise the upper eyelid to a great extent in order to open the eye wide, which the first evidently prevents. It expresses also the gay passions, those which dilate the face. Painters have studied more than anatomists, the different degrees of elevation and depression of the eyebrows. _Eyelashes._ Upon both eyelids there exists a small row of hairs, a little longer than those of the eyebrows, of the same nature as them, directed obliquely forwards, crossing each other when the two eyelids are brought together, and serving to defend the eye from the small particles floating in the air. In general they do not curl; when they do and turn towards the eye, an irritation ensues, and they must be cut off. Sometimes a bad direction is the cause of this irritation. I would remark on the subject of the eyelashes, that all the openings of communication with the interior, as those of the meatus auditorius externus, the nose and the anus, and oftentimes also the orifices of the lactiferous tubes, are surrounded with a great number of hairs which defend these openings from external bodies. Around the mouth the beard takes the place of these hairs; the urethra has none, but the prepuce at its orifice is instead of them. _Beard._ The males of most animals are distinguished from the females by some external productions. The comb of the cock, the mane of the lion, the horns of the stag, &c. are examples of these distinctive characters. In man, the beard is the principal attribute of the male. It occupies all the chin, the sides of the face, both lips and the superior part of the neck. It leaves the cheeks bare as well as the parts around the eyes; thus observe that it is there that the passions are principally depicted, the expression of which would be concealed by the hairs, if the lower part of the face was the seat of them.