General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 3 (of 3)Bichat, Xavier
Science
General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 3 (of 3)
Bichat, Xavier
Human anatomy; Human physiology
The size of the mucous glands varies; those of the velum of the palate,
those of the mouth, &c. are the largest; they become insensible in
the greatest number of mucous surfaces. I dissected two subjects that
died of a pulmonary catarrh, and in them the glands of the trachea and
bronchia, which are, as we know, very apparent, were not enlarged; the
membrane alone appeared to be affected. Besides, we do not yet know the
injuries of these glands, like those of the analogous organs, which
are more apparent from their size. They are in general of a rounded
form but with many varieties. No membrane appears to cover them. They
have, like the salivary glands and the pancreas, only the cellular
texture for an envelope. Their texture is more dense and compact than
these last glands; but little cellular texture is found in them; they
are soft, vascular, and appear when opened very much like the prostate
gland. I cannot say whether nerves penetrate them; analogy indicates
it, for all the principal glands receive them.
_Mucous Fluids._
We know but little of the composition of the mucous fluids, because
in the natural state, it is difficult to collect them, and in the
morbid, in which their quantity increases as in catarrhs for example,
this composition is probably changed. We know that in general they
are unsavoury, insipid, and but slightly soluble in water, in that
even which is raised to the highest temperature; they become putrid
with difficulty. In fact they remain a long time unchanged in the
nose, exposed to the contact of a moist air; in the intestines, they
serve, without danger to them, as an envelope for putrid substances,
&c.; taken from the body and subjected to different experiments, they
give results conformable to these facts. All the acids act upon them
and colour them differently; exposed to a dry air, they thicken by
evaporation, and are often even reduced to small shining laminæ. The
nasal mucus especially exhibits this phenomenon. Fourcroy has given
in detail the analysis of this mucus; he has also given that of the
tracheal mucus. But we must not apply rigorously to the analogous
fluids our knowledge of the composition of these. It is sufficient
in fact to examine a certain number of these fluids, to be convinced
that they are not the same in any two places, that more or less thick,
more or less uniform, different in their colour, their odour even, &c.
they vary in the principles that constitute them, as the membranes
which furnish them vary in their structure, in the number and size
of their glands, in the thickness of their corion, the form of their
papillæ, the state of their vascular and nervous systems, &c. I am far
from being certain that the gastric juice is a mucous juice; it is
even probable that exhalation furnishes it, the glands of the stomach
throwing out a different fluid by the way of secretion. But this
assertion is not accurately demonstrated, and perhaps hereafter it will
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