General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 3 (of 3)Bichat, Xavier
Science
General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 3 (of 3)
Bichat, Xavier
Human anatomy; Human physiology
From what we have thus far said, it is evident that the mucous system
is one of those of the whole economy, in which life is the most active.
Always in contact with substances that stimulate and irritate it, it is
as it were like the skin, in continual action. Yet the life is not the
same in all its parts; it undergoes in each remarkable modifications,
which no doubt depend on those we have pointed out in the organization
of this system, in the nature of its corion, in the arrangement of its
papillæ, in the distribution of its vessels and its nerves, in that of
its glands, &c.; for as we have seen, none of these essential bases of
the mucous system is everywhere arranged in the same manner. There is
an organization common to the system, and one peculiar to each of its
divisions. It is the same in regard to its life; there is a life common
to the system, and as many peculiar ones as there are parts to which it
is extended. We know how much the animal sensibility of the pituitary
membrane differs from that of the palatine, how powerfully the membrane
of the glans penis and the urethra is stimulated by the passage of the
semen which makes no impression upon any other mucous surface. The same
is true in regard to the organic sensibility and the contractility of
the same species. Each mucous surface, in relation with the fluid it is
accustomed to, would bear the others with difficulty. The urine would
be a stimulant for the stomach and the gastric juice for the bladder;
the bile that remains in the gall-bladder would produce a catarrh upon
the membrane of the nose, in the vesiculæ seminales, &c.
From these varieties in the vital forces of each division of the
mucous system, it is not astonishing that the diseases of this system
should also be very variable. Each has a general character, but this
is modified in each mucous surface. There is an order of symptoms
common to all catarrhs; but each has its peculiar signs, each has
its different products. The fluid from a pulmonary catarrh does not
resemble that from a nasal one; that coming from a urethral, vesical
catarrh, &c. is wholly different from that from an intestinal one.
These fluids exhibit in their morbid changes the same differences that
we have pointed out in their natural composition, differences which are
derived like them, from the different vitality of each portion of the
mucous system.
It is to these varieties of life and the vital forces that must be
referred also those of the sympathies. Each portion of this system has
a peculiar sympathetic action upon the other organs. The pituitary
alone being irritated produces sneezing. You would excite in vain the
extremity of the glans penis, the rectum, &c. you would never produce
vomiting as you do by stimulating the uvula.
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