General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 3 (of 3)Bichat, Xavier
Science
General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 3 (of 3)
Bichat, Xavier
Human anatomy; Human physiology
The development of the mucous system follows in general the laws of
that of the organs to which it belongs. Early in the gastric apparatus,
later in the pulmonary and that of generation, it seems in its growth
rather to obey the impulse it receives, than to give one to what
surrounds it, an arrangement common to almost all the systems which
contribute to form the different apparatus. Observe in fact that there
is always in the growth certain parts to which all the others refer;
thus in the cerebral apparatus, the early size of the brain produces
that of the bones of the cranium, of the dura-mater, the pia-mater,
the arachnoides and the vessels; thus it is on account of the spinal
marrow, that the vertebral canal is so evident in the fœtus; thus
all the serous surfaces have a growth in proportion to that of their
respective organs, &c. &c. I would remark however that the early growth
of the systems which are only to follow that of the parts to which they
are destined, is only in the dimensions of length, breadth, &c. The
thickness most commonly does not correspond with these dimensions. Thus
the bones of the cranium though broader in proportion than those of the
pelvis in the fœtus, are not thicker. The extent of the dura-mater is
in proportion greater than that of the albuginea which belongs to the
same system; but the organization is no further advanced.
In the fœtus, the delicacy of the mucous texture is extreme, the
papillæ are hardly perceptible. But by carrying the hand over a mucous
surface, we feel there an extremely delicate velvet and such as is not
equalled by the finest velvet. The redness of this system is not then
as evident, because no doubt less blood penetrates it, as the various
functions which are afterwards to take place upon these surfaces, as
digestion, the excretions, respiration, &c. are but feeble or entirely
wanting. At this age, the quantity of blood seems to be in an inverse
ratio in the skin and in these surfaces. The mucous red is then like
the muscular, of a very deep tinge, often even livid, on account of the
nature of the blood circulating in the arteries. Then the adhesions
of the mucous texture to the subjacent cellular are less; those
especially of this last with the surrounding parts are very slight;
thus it is very easy to draw out whole the internal portion of the
intestines of the fœtus, from the external covering that contains it,
so as to see two cylindrical canals, one of which is muscular and
serous, the other cellular and mucous. The stretching destroys in
this experiment all the valvulæ conniventes, and the small intestines
are as smooth on the interior as the large, in the canal artificially
extracted. If we subject this canal to ebullition, much more scum
arises from it than in the adult; this scum is white and never green.
The crisping that takes place a little before the first boiling,
diminishes more in proportion the length of the canal, and consequently
appears to be stronger.
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