[736] (1) To the church of St. Jean d'Angely (Canterbury); (2) to Christchurch, Canterbury (Dover); (3) to St. Mary's Abbey, Leicester (Dover); (4) to Earl Aubrey (Dover) (_Court and Itinerary of Henry II._, pp. 15, 16). [737] It is true that the charter to Geoffrey Ridel (Appendix BB) proves that Geoffrey de Mandeville the younger enjoyed, at the court of the Empress, the title of Earl of Essex. But the same charter proves that Henry did not hold himself bound by his mother's charters or deeds. [738] "Do et concedo quod sit Comes de ... et habeat inde tertium denarium sicut comes debet habere." [739] It is one of the mysteries of the Pipe-Rolls that no such payment to the earl is to be traced on them, though the grant is quite unmistakable in its terms. See Appendix H. [740] The "unde" of this charter answers to the "inde" in the charters to Earl Aubrey. [741] See Appendix H. [742] See, for instance, survivals of them in the charters of Henry I. to Christchurch, Canterbury, and of Henry II. to Oxford. The former runs, "on strande and on stream, on wudan and on feldan" (Campbell Charter, xxix. 5); the latter, "by water and by stronde, by Gode (_sic_) and by londe" (Hearne's _Liber Niger_, Appendix). The formula "cum omnibus ad hoc rebus rite pertinentibus, sive _litorum_, sive camporum, agrorum, saltuumve" (Kemble, _Cod. Dipl._, No. 425; Earle, _Land Charters_, p. 186), suggested to Prof. Maitland (_Select Pleas in Manorial Courts_) a connection with the "leet" through the "litus" of early Teutonic law, but Mr. W. H. Stevenson, correcting him, observed (_Academy_, June 29, 1889) that _litorum_ referred to the seashore at Reculver (with which this grant deals). Both these distinguished scholars are mistaken, for the words only render the general formula: "by lande and by strande ('litorum'), by wode and by felde." So for instance— "bi water and bi lande mid inlade and mid utlade wit inne burghe and wit outen bi lande and by strande bi wode and by felde" (_Ramsey Cart._, ii. 80, 81). Thus we have "in bosco et plano ... infra burgum et extra" (_supra_, p. 236). See also pp. 286, 314, 381. [743] _Liber Niger_ (1774), i. 239. [744] _Angevin Kings_, ii. 144. [745] The inheritance was in dispute for some time between his aunt's younger son and the two daughters and co-heirs of her elder son deceased. As the latter were eventually successful in their claim, there was no one heir to whom the earldom could pass, as of right, under the charter of 1156 (accepting it as representing a limitation to heirs whatsoever). I have, however, elsewhere suggested (Pipe-Roll Society: _Ancient Charters_, p. 99) that the _salvo_ to the elder of the two daughters of her _antenatio_ may have been connected with a claim to the dignity by her husband, in her right. APPENDICES. APPENDIX A. STEPHEN'S TREATY WITH THE LONDONERS. (See p. 3.)