But, it may be urged, though there is nothing improbable in Mr. Freeman being wrong, is it conceivable that so unrivalled an expert as Mr. Clark himself can have mistaken a keep of 1123 for one of 1039-1043, when we remember the wonderful development of these structures in the course of those eighty years? To this objection, I fear, there is a singularly complete answer in the case of Newcastle, where, as we have seen, he was led by the same misconception into no less amazing an error.[1008] In short, the view I have brought forward as to the separate existence of "tower" and "castle" may be said, from these examples, to revolutionize the study of Norman military architecture. [943] _Fœdera_ (O.E.), xiii. 251. See p. 179. [944] The internal evidence determines its date. [945] "Collectanea quædam eorum quæ ad Historiam illustrandam conducunt selecta ex Registro MSS. sive breviario Monasterii sancti Johannis Baptistæ Colecestriæ collecto (_sic_) a Joh. Hadlege spectante Johanni Lucas armigero. Anno Domini, 1633" (_Harl. MS._, 312, fol. 92). This charter (which, being in MS., was unknown, of course, to Prof. Freeman) has also an incidental value for its evidence on the Clare pedigree, Gilbert, Robert, and Richard, the witnesses, being all grandsons of Count Gilbert, the progenitor of the house. Among the documents in the _Monasticon_ relating to Bec, we find mention of "Emmæ uxoris Baldewini filii Comitis Gilberti et filiorum ejus Roberti et Ricardi," which singularly confirms the accuracy of this charter and its list of witnesses. This is worth noting, because the charter is curious in form, and has been described as having "a suspicious ring." It is also found in (Morant's) transcript of the Colchester cartulary (_Stowe MSS._). [946] _Cart._, 1 John, m. 6. [947] _Mon. Ang._ (1661), ii. 66 _b_. [948] _Cart._, 1 John, m. 6 (printed in Appendix 5 to _Lords' Reports on Dignity of a Peer_, pp. 4, 5). [949] Ed. Howlett, p. 184. [950] "In operibus Turris de Gloec' vii _li._ vi _s._ ii _d._" (Pipe-Roll, 2 Hen. II., p. 78). [951] Henry I. gave land to the abbey (1109) "in escambium pro placia ubi nunc turris stat Gloecestrie" (i. 59). [952] _Mediæval Military Architecture_, i. 108. [953] _Ibid._, i. 79. [954] _Ibid._, i. 29 (cf. "Mota de Hereford"—_Rot. Pip._, 15 Hen. II., p. 140). [955] _Rotuli scaccarii Normanniæ_ (ed. Stapleton), i. 56. The "turris" had been added by Henry I. (_vide infra_, p. 333). With the above entry may be compared the phrase in one of Richard's despatches (1198)—"castrum cepimus cum turre" (_R. Howden_, iv. 58); also the expression, "tunc etiam comes turrem et castellum funditus evertit," applied to Geoffrey's action at Montreuil (_circ._ 1152) by Robert de Torigny (ed. Howlett, p. 159). [956] _Chronique de Jordan Fantosme_ (ed. Howlett), ll. 1423, 1424, 1469, 1470. [957] It is even applied by Giraldus Cambrensis to the turf entrenchment thrown up by Arnulf de Montgomery at Pembroke. [958] _M. M. A._, ii. 420.