Whewell’s Astronomy and Physics, p. 48. Footnote 2: From παλαιός, _ancient_, and ζωόν, _life_; ancient-life period. Footnote 3: Hughes, Physical Geography. 3d ed. p. 21. Footnote 4: Hughes, Physical Geog. p. 22. Footnote 5: Dr. Pye Smith. Footnote 6: As Chimborazo in South America, 21,414; Ararat, 16,000; Dhawalagiri, in the Himalayas, 28,000 feet above the level of the sea; compared with which what a mole-hill is Vesuvius, only 8,947 feet; or Blue Mountain Peak, 8,600, or even Mont Blanc, that monarch of mountains, which is 15,816 feet above the sea! Footnote 7: Hughes, p. 16. Footnote 8: Chambers’ Rudiments of Geology, p. 71. Footnote 9: These wells are so frequently spoken of as to need no explanation, further than to remind the reader that they are so called from having been first introduced in the province of Artois, the ancient Artesium in France. Footnote 10: The deepest Artesian well is the famous one in the Plaine de Grenelle, Paris. This well yields 516 gallons a minute; its temperature is 81° Fahr.; and its depth is nearly 1,800 feet. Footnote 11: How truly hieroglyphics—sacred carvings; (_ieros_, sacred, _glupho_, I carve;) and in this sense there is a holier meaning than Shakspeare could have dreamt of in his well-known lines, when applied by the geologist to his researches:— “And this our life, exempt from public haunt, Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks, _Sermons in stones_, and good in everything.” Footnote 12: And I may say, _my friend_ also, to whom, during my residence in Jamaica, I was frequently indebted for contributions on natural history to the _Jamaica Friendly Instructor_, of which I was Editor. Footnote 13: A Naturalist’s Sojourn in Jamaica, by P. H. Gosse, Esq. pp. 496–7. Footnote 14: So called because of its _grained_ or _granular_ appearance. Footnote 15: First brought from Syene, in Egypt. Footnote 16: Feld-spar, written also felspar, a compound of _feld_, field, and spar. Footnote 17: See Ansted’s Ancient World, p. 21. Footnote 18: Memnon, or Ramesis. This famous head is in the British Museum; the body is of greenstone, the head of syenite, and the bust one continuous mass. Footnote 19: From _dis_ and _integer_. The separation of the whole parts of a rock, without chemical action, by means of the light, the air, or the rain, is called disintegration. Footnote 20: Lieut. Portlock on Geology, p. 93. Footnote 21: Ansted’s Geology, Descriptive and Practical, vol. ii. pp. 290, 291. Footnote 22: Ansted’s Geology, p. 291. Footnote 23: As the ancients did not know or use the compound metal brass, though bronze was common amongst them, we must in this verse, and all others in which the word “brass” is used, understand it to mean copper.—Hughes’ Scripture Geography, Art. Geology of Palestine, p. 133. Footnote 24: