=The positions in which débris is carried.=—As a result of the methods by which a glacier becomes loaded, there are three positions in which the débris is carried: (1) the basal or subglacial, (2) the englacial, and (3) the superglacial. The material picked up or rubbed off from the surface over which the ice moves is normally carried forward in the base of the ice; while that which falls on the surface is usually carried in the form of surface moraines. In the former position the drift is basal; in the latter, superglacial. It is doubtful if much débris is moved along beneath (that is, strictly below the bottom of) the ice, though the movement of the latter would have a tendency to drag or urge along with it the loose material of its bed. If drift were carried forward in such positions, it would be strictly _subglacial_. [Illustration: +Fig.+ 263.—A hanging valley. The water falls (Bridal Veil) from a hanging valley. (Wineman.)] The basal load of a glacier is constantly being mixed with new accessions derived from ground over which the ice is passing, and this admixture tells the story of the work done by the bottom of the ice. The englacial and superglacial material, on the other hand, is normally borne from the place of origin to the place of deposition without such intermixture. It is a case of “local” versus “through” transportation. =Transfers of load.=—While the origin of the load usually determines its position, exceptions and complications arise from the transfer of load from one position to another, and from the gradation of one horizon into another. [Illustration: +Fig.+ 264.—A non-glaciated hill. Dalrymple Island. North Greenland.] [Illustration: +Fig.+ 265.—A glaciated hill. Southeastern Carey Island. About 30 miles west-northwest of Dalrymple Island.] Most of the débris gathered by ice is acquired at its bottom. While such material is basal _at the outset_, some of it may find itself above the bottom a little later. Thus when ice passes over a hill (Fig. 267) the bottom of the ice rends débris from the top of the hill. When it descends from one level to another there is a similar result (Fig. 268). To the lee of the hill the ice from either side may close in under that which came over the top, in which case the débris derived from the top of the hill by the bottom of the overriding ice will be well up in the ice. It has passed from an initial basal to a subsequent englacial position. The change does not usually involve an actual rise of the material, but rather a decline. If carried upward at all, the upward movement is temporary only, and incident to the passage of the ice over the hill, or to other local causes. The englacial débris may be little or much above the basal zone according to the height of the elevation overridden. [Illustration: +Fig.+ 266.—Alaskan fiords. The shaded areas represent land. (From charts of the C. & G. Surv.)]