Washington was in a state of terrible embarrassment. He could not loudly make his wants known without proclaiming his destitution to the enemy and inviting attack. He was therefore compelled, while his men were freezing and starving, to let the impression go abroad, that his troops were rejoicing in abundance, and were ready, at any moment, to meet the British on the battle-field. From sickness and suffering the army dwindled down to five thousand men. On one occasion he wrote: “A part of the army has been a week without any kind of flesh, and the rest three or four days. Naked and starving as they are, we can not enough admire the incomparable patience and fidelity of the soldiers, that they have not been ere this, excited by their suffering to a general mutiny and desertion.” [Illustration: THE CAPITULATION AT YORKTOWN.] CHAPTER XII. _Concluding Scenes._ Embarrassments of the Confederacy--Assaults upon Washington-- Philadelphia evacuated--Lee’s Retreat--England enlists Savages--Lord Chatham--British Ravages--Capture of Stony Point--Efforts of Sir Henry Clinton--Treason of Arnold--Major Andrè--British at Mount Vernon--Cornwallis at Yorktown--Excitement in Philadelphia--News of the Treaty of Peace--Washington’s Farewell--Resigns his Commission--Chosen President--Views of Slavery--Sickness and Death. The dreary winter passed slowly away, while Washington was making vigorous preparations for opening the campaign in the spring. Immense embarrassments arose from the fact that Congress did not represent a _nation_, but merely a _confederacy_ of independent states. Each state decided the pay it would offer the troops, and claimed the right to retain them at home or to send them abroad at its pleasure. These difficulties subsequently led the United States to organize themselves into a _nation_. No man can be in power without being denounced. Washington was assailed most cruelly. He wrote to the President of Congress: “My enemies know I cannot combat their insinuations however injurious, without disclosing secrets it is of the utmost moment to conceal. But why should I expect to be exempt from censure, the unfailing lot of an elevated station? Merit and talent which I cannot pretend to rival, have ever been subject to it.” In these dark hours France generously came to the aid of the patriots, struggling for freedom in America against such desperate odds. The tidings of the French Alliance awoke new emotions of joy in the weary hearts at Valley Forge. The British army in Philadelphia amounted to not less than thirty thousand men. They were greatly alarmed. The danger was imminent that a French fleet might appear in the Delaware and cut off their retreat by water, while the American farmers, thus encouraged, would rise _en masse_ and prevent their escape by land. This doubtless would have been their doom but for a succession of storms which delayed the French fleet.