German generals and officers have quibbled about inhumanity in their proclamations. The Burgomaster of Hasselt could communicate to his fellow townsmen on the 17th August the decision of the German military authorities, by which, “_in case civilians fired on the soldiers of the German army, a third of the male population would be shot_.” The German Generalissimo Bülow announced, in a proclamation addressed to the communal authorities of Liège (22nd August), that “the inhabitants of the town of Andenne, after a declaration of their peaceful intentions, treacherously made a surprise attack, and that on this ground, _with his consent, the general in command caused everything in the whole of the district to be burnt, and that a hundred persons were shot_.” He adds that the people of Liège “_ought to try to imagine the fate with which they are threatened, if they adopt a similar attitude_.” The commandant at Namur, who had taken many hostages, declared that “_the life of these hostages is at stake unless the civilians remain quiet under all circumstances_.” He demanded that “all civilians walking about in his district” should show their respect to German officers by taking off their hats, or by raising their hands to their head as in a military salute. In case of doubt, he adds, every German soldier must be saluted. _Whoever declines to do so must expect German soldiers to make themselves respected by every means._ FRANCS-TIREURS These proclamations are a denial, pure and simple, of the right of civilians to resist an invader. This right, however, is recognised by the Hague Convention. In fact, these conventions declare that irregular corps raised to meet an invader are permissible, and that the soldiers who compose them must be treated according to the laws of war, provided that they take care— (1) “to have at the head of them a person who is responsible for his subordinates; (2) “to have a distinguishing mark, which is fixed and recognisable at a distance; (3) “to carry arms openly; (4) “and to conform in their operations to the laws and customs of war.” In conclusion the conventions go further, and add— “The civilians of an unoccupied territory which on the approach of the enemy spontaneously take up arms to combat the invading troops without having had time to organise themselves in conformity with the terms of Article I will be considered as belligerent if they respect the laws and customs of war.” To this rule of international law Germany had subscribed, both in 1899 and 1907, without any reservation.