Giant brains; or, Machines that thinkBerkeley, Edmund Callis
Science
Giant brains; or, Machines that think
Berkeley, Edmund Callis
Computers -- Popular works
For an input-preparation device, we may get something that can be
fastened to an ordinary typewriter and that will produce magnetic
tape agreeing with what is printed by the typewriter. Since the input
information must be carefully verified, we shall need a second magnetic
tape device such as exists for paper tape on the Bell Laboratories
machine: the _processor_. The processor takes two hand-prepared tapes,
compares them, reports any differences, and produces a third tape. The
third tape copies the two original tapes if they agree, and it receives
corrected information as furnished by a girl at a keyboard if the two
original tapes disagree.
For information already on punch cards, we need an input device that
will read punch cards and write on magnetic tape. Where information is
on punched paper tape, we need a machine that will read punched paper
tape and write on magnetic tape.
Problem data, tables of numbers, and routine instructions will go
into the mechanical brain. They will all be prepared on regular input
devices. The machine will accept information in the form in which it is
most convenient for you and me to prepare it. Then, the machine will
be instructed to change the information into the form with which it is
most convenient for the machine to operate.
Many output devices will also be needed, since the machine will be able
to produce information very swiftly. These output devices might be
cabled to the machine. A kind of traffic control system would govern
them. Each will have a magnetic tape that will be loaded up swiftly
with information. Then the output device will unload its information
more slowly, in any form that we may desire: printing, graphs, film,
punch cards, or punched paper tape.
The machine is likely to be able to put out information on magnetic
tape at the same high speed of 60,000 units of information per
second or 10,000 characters per second. But the best printing speed
of an electric typewriter is about 10 or 12 characters a second.
Card-punching speed is about 130 characters a second. Punch-card
tabulator speed can reach a maximum of about 200 characters a second.
Thus we see that here, too, we may be snowed under with the information
that the giant brain puts out, if we fail to ask the giant only for
what we really want.
MECHANICAL BRAINS UNDER CONSTRUCTION
This chapter would not be complete without mention of the great
mechanical brains that were actually under construction at the end of
1947. In power they are intermediate between the machinery now being
designed, described in this chapter, and the earlier machines described
in the previous chapters of this book.
The mechanical brains under construction on December 31, 1947, were:
Harvard’s Sequence-Controlled Relay Calculator _Mark
II_, constructed at the Harvard Computation
Laboratory, tested there July 1947 to January 1948,
and delivered to the Naval Proving Ground, Dahlgren,
Va., in 1948.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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