3. _Program 1._ The element “Program 1” performs a set of standard instructions. Under these instructions, the machine: Compares group after group of observations with the information in the memory. Compares these groups with patterns furnished, or seeks to organize the observations into patterns. Counts cases and tests frequencies. Finds out how much matching with patterns there is. Tunes the observing instruments in ways to increase matching. [Illustration: FIG. 2. Scheme of an automatic recognizer.] 4. _Program 2._ The element “Program 2” performs another set of standard instructions. Under these instructions, the machine, if it is tuned well, matches sets of observations one after another with the patterns and so reads them. 5. _Triggering Control._ This element shifts the control of the machine from Program 1 to Program 2. It does this when the machine reaches “good matching.” We shall set the meaning of this into the machine in much the same way as we set “warm” into a thermostat. 6. _Output._ This element performs any action that we want, depending on recognized patterns read and any other knowledge or instructions stored in the memory. The automatic recognizer will be capable of extraordinary tasks. With microphones and a large memory, this type of machine would be able to hear a foreign language spoken and translate it into spoken or written English. With phototubes and with an expanded filtering and decoding capacity as in deciphering machines, the automatic recognizer should be able to read a dead language, even those (such as Minoan or Etruscan) that have so far resisted efforts to read it. The machine would derive rules for the translation of the language and translate any sample. An automatic recognizer could perhaps be equipped with many sensitive, tiny observing instruments that could be placed around or in the brain and nervous systems of animals. Then the machine might enable us to find out what activity in the nervous system corresponds with what activity in the animal. TYPES OF PROBLEMS THAT MACHINES WILL SOLVE IN THE FUTURE We turn now to the second question regarding the future of machines that think: What types of problems can we foresee as solved by these machines? Problems of Control