Giant brains; or, Machines that thinkBerkeley, Edmund Callis
Science
Giant brains; or, Machines that think
Berkeley, Edmund Callis
Computers -- Popular works
Eniac handles information rather differently from any other of the big
brains. Instead of having only one bus or “railroad line” along which
numbers can be sent, Eniac has more than 10 such lines. They are called
_digit trays_ and labeled A, B, C, ···. Each contains 11 _digit trunk
lines_ or _digit trunks_—10 to carry the digits of a number, and the
11th to carry the sign. Instead of having only one telegraph line along
which instructions can be sent, Eniac has more than 100 such lines.
They are called _program trunk lines_ or _program trunks_ and labeled
A1, A2, ···, A11, B1, B2, ···, B11, ···, etc. They are assembled in
groups of 11 to a tray; the _program trays_, in fact, look just like
the digit trays, except for their connectors and their purpose, which
are different. Below, we shall make clear how the program trays carry
control information.
Now, actually, Eniac has many more trunk lines than we have just
stated, for each of the lines we have mentioned can be divided into
numerous separate sections by the removal of plug connections. How
we choose to do this depends on the needs of the problem, the space
between the panels, the time when the line is used, etc.
Transferring Numbers, Adding, and Subtracting
Basically, a number is represented in Eniac by an arrangement of on
and off electronic tube elements in pairs, called _flip-flops_. There
is one flip-flop enclosed in a single tube (type 6SN7) for each value
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 for each of the 10 digits stored in an
accumulator. So we have at least 100 flip-flops for each accumulator,
and thus at least 100 electronic tubes are required to store 10 digits.
Actually, an accumulator needs 550 electronic tubes. So we see that
there is not very much of a future in this type of arrangement. The
newer electronic brains use different devices for storage of numbers.
In order to show what number is stored in an accumulator, there are 100
little neon bulbs mounted on the face of each accumulator panel. Each
bulb glows when the flip-flop that belongs to it is on. For example,
suppose that the 4th decade in Accumulator 11 holds the digit 7. Then
the 7th flip-flop in that decade will be on, and all the others will be
off. The 7th neon bulb for that decade will glow.
Now suppose that the number 7 is in the 4th decade in Accumulator 11
and is to be added into, say, the 4th decade in Accumulator 13. And
suppose that it is to be subtracted from the 4th decade in Accumulator
16. What do we do, and what will Eniac do?
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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